Detection of Benzodiazepines in Different Tissues, Including Bone, Using a Quantitative ELISA Assay

Abstract

Benzodiazepines were analyzed in different tissue samples, including bone, by ELISA. The sensitivity of detection for different benzodiazepines was consistent with the manufacturer's reports of the cross reactivities of the antibodies used, with the greatest sensitivity for midazolam and the least for diazepam; in addition the pharmacokinetics was consistent with the known duration of action of the different benzodiazepines, with midazolam cleared rapidly, and diazepam slowly. Following intramuscular injection of 300 μg of midazolam at 16 h intervals for ten days, the drug was detectable in bone tissue samples obtained from skeletonized remains buried in soil at room temperature for three weeks.

Morphine and 6-acetylmorphine concentrations in blood, brain, spinal cord, bone marrow and bone after lethal acute or chronic diacetylmorphine administration to mice

“…If so, it can be useful in determining a regular diacetylmorphine intake. Incorporation of benzodiazepines was reported in mice bone after chronic exposure, but not after acute administration [19]. In another study, determination of morphine in human postmortem bone and bone marrow was achieved, while 6-AM was not detected, due to bone demineralization procedure according to the authors [5].…”

“…Drug detection in bone has only been studied in a few publications [5,[17][18][19]. However, as with hair, drugs may remain trapped in bone for a long time.…”

Distribution of metoprolol, tramadol, and midazolam in human autopsy material

“…Due to an excellent local tolerability and its slight reduction in blood pressure and minor dose-related respiratory depression, midazolam is useful for anaesthetic induction and postoperative (long-term) 0021 [16][17][18][19]. Reports of midazolam concentrations in tissues are rare [20,21]. In this study it was possible for the first time to measure the distribution of metoprolol, tramadol or midazolam in human simultaneously and directly in several compartments using a newly developed and validated LC/MS/MS screening method.…”

State-of-the-art of bone marrow analysis in forensic toxicology: a review

“…After chronic administration of midazolam for 10 days, mice were sacrificed [62]. Bodies were stored for 21 days under three different conditions: frozen, or buried in sterilized or unsterilized soil (three mice per condition).…”