Detection of CO emission lines in the dayside atmospheres of WASP-33b and WASP-189b with GIANO

Yan, F.; Πάλλη, Ε.; Reiners, A.; Casasayas-Barris, N.; Cont, D.; Stangret, M.; Nortmann, L.; Mollière, P.; Henning, Th.; Chen, G.; Molaverdikhani, Karan

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243503

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 75 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Further observations of KELT-20b could build on this work to determine more precise abundances of these elements as a constraint on the planet's formation. Of particular value would be a measurement of the mass of the planet, broader wavelength space-based spectroscopy from the JWST, and ground-based observations to probe the H 2 O and CO lines at higher spectral resolution (e.g., Line et al 2021;Pelletier et al 2021;Holmberg & Madhusudhan 2022;van Sluijs et al 2022;Yan et al 2022a). In addition, advances in retrieval techniques are needed to ensure that the derived abundances are also accurate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unifying High- and Low-resolution Observations to Constrain the Dayside Atmosphere of KELT-20b/MASCARA-2b

Kasper

Bean

Line

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We present high-resolution dayside thermal emission observations of the exoplanet KELT-20b/MASCARA-2b using the MAROON-X spectrograph. Applying the cross-correlation method with both empirical and theoretical masks and a retrieval analysis, we confirm previous detections of Fe i emission lines and we detect Ni i for the first time in the planet (at 4.7σ confidence). We do not see evidence for additional species in the MAROON-X data, including notably predicted thermal inversion agents TiO and VO, their atomic constituents Ti i and V i, and previously claimed species Fe ii and Cr i. We also perform a joint retrieval with existing Hubble Space Telescope/WFC3 spectroscopy and Spitzer/IRAC photometry. This allows us to place bounded constraints on the abundances of Fe i, H2O, and CO, and to place a stringent upper limit on the TiO abundance. The results are consistent with KELT-20b having a solar to slightly supersolar composition atmosphere in terms of the bulk metal enrichment, and the carbon-to-oxygen and iron-to-oxygen ratios. However, the TiO volume mixing ratio upper limit (10−7.6 at 99% confidence) is inconsistent with this picture, which, along with the nondetection of Ti i, points to sequestration of Ti species, possibly due to nightside condensation. The lack of TiO but the presence of a large H2O emission feature in the WFC3 data is challenging to reconcile within the context of 1D self-consistent, radiative-convective models.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unifying High- and Low-resolution Observations to Constrain the Dayside Atmosphere of KELT-20b/MASCARA-2b

Kasper

Bean

Line

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…There is excellent (and growing) evidence that the most strongly irradiated planets host temperature inversions in their upper atmospheres (Mikal-Evans et al 2020;Cont et al 2021;Yan et al 2022aYan et al , 2022bFu et al 2022). Our models for the hottest planets include temperature inversions and emission in the v = 1-v = 0 fundamental band of carbon monoxide that lies within the 4.5 μm bandpass.…”

Section: Temperature Inversions and Co Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergent Spectral Fluxes of Hot Jupiters: An Abrupt Rise in Dayside Brightness Temperature Under Strong Irradiation

Deming

Line

Knutson

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We study the emergent spectral fluxes of transiting hot Jupiters, using secondary eclipses from Spitzer. To achieve a large and uniform sample, we have reanalyzed all secondary eclipses for all hot Jupiters observed by Spitzer at 3.6 and/or 4.5 μm. Our sample comprises 457 eclipses of 122 planets, including eclipses of 13 planets not previously published. We use these eclipse depths to calculate the spectral fluxes emergent from the exoplanetary atmospheres, and thereby infer the temperatures and spectral properties of hot Jupiters. We find that an abrupt rise in brightness temperature, similar to a phase change, occurs on the dayside atmospheres of the population at an equilibrium temperature between 1714 and 1818 K (99% confidence limits). The amplitude of the rise is 291 ± 49 K, and two viable causes are the onset of magnetic drag that inhibits longitudinal heat redistribution, and/or the rapid dissipation of dayside clouds. We also study hot Jupiter spectral properties with respect to metallicity and temperature inversions. Models exhibiting 4.5 μm emission from temperature inversions reproduce our fluxes statistically for the hottest planets, but the transition to emission is gradual, not abrupt. The Spitzer fluxes are sensitive to metallicity for planets cooler than ∼1200 K, and most of the hot Jupiter population falls between model tracks having solar to 30× solar metallicity.

show abstract

“…UHJs had previously been proposed to harbor thermal inversions, with the transition temperature in this regime occurring anywhere from 1700 to 2500 K (e.g., Lothringer et al 2018;Baxter et al 2020). Individual planets with detections of line emission due to an inversion include WASP-33 b (e.g., Nugroho et al 2017), WASP-121 b (Evans et al 2017), WASP-18 b (Sheppard et al 2017), WASP-189 b (e.g., Yan et al 2020Yan et al , 2022a, KELT-9 b (e.g., Pino et al 2020), and KELT-20 b (Cont et al 2021a;Borsa et al 2022;Fu et al 2022;Kasper et al 2022). The number of possible inversion agents in these planets is limited, as only a few molecular species can survive at these high temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The PEPSI Exoplanet Transit Survey (PETS). II. A Deep Search for Thermal Inversion Agents in KELT-20 b/MASCARA-2 b with Emission and Transmission Spectroscopy*

Johnson

Asnodkar

et al. 2023

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Recent observations have shown that the atmospheres of ultrahot Jupiters (UHJs) commonly possess temperature inversions, where the temperature increases with increasing altitude. Nonetheless, which opacity sources are responsible for the presence of these inversions remains largely observationally unconstrained. We used LBT/PEPSI to observe the atmosphere of the UHJ KELT-20 b in both transmission and emission in order to search for molecular agents which could be responsible for the temperature inversion. We validate our methodology by confirming a previous detection of Fe i in emission at 16.9σ. Our search for the inversion agents TiO, VO, FeH, and CaH results in non-detections. Using injection-recovery testing we set 4σ upper limits upon the volume mixing ratios for these constituents as low as ∼1 × 10−9 for TiO. For TiO, VO, and CaH, our limits are much lower than expectations from an equilibrium chemical model, while we cannot set constraining limits on FeH with our data. We thus rule out TiO and CaH as the source of the temperature inversion in KELT-20 b, and VO only if the line lists are sufficiently accurate.

show abstract

Detection of CO emission lines in the dayside atmospheres of WASP-33b and WASP-189b with GIANO

Cited by 20 publications

References 75 publications

Unifying High- and Low-resolution Observations to Constrain the Dayside Atmosphere of KELT-20b/MASCARA-2b

Unifying High- and Low-resolution Observations to Constrain the Dayside Atmosphere of KELT-20b/MASCARA-2b

Emergent Spectral Fluxes of Hot Jupiters: An Abrupt Rise in Dayside Brightness Temperature Under Strong Irradiation

The PEPSI Exoplanet Transit Survey (PETS). II. A Deep Search for Thermal Inversion Agents in KELT-20 b/MASCARA-2 b with Emission and Transmission Spectroscopy*

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About