Detection of Early Disease Risk Factors Associated with Metabolic Syndrome: A New Era with the NMR Metabolomics Assessment

Abstract

The metabolic syndrome is a multifactorial disease developed due to accumulation and chronification of several risk factors associated with disrupted metabolism. The early detection of the biomarkers by NMR spectroscopy could be helpful to prevent multifactorial diseases. The exposure of each risk factor can be detected by traditional molecular markers but the current biomarkers have not been enough precise to detect the primary stages of disease. Thus, there is a need to obtain novel molecular markers of pre-disease stages. A promising source of new molecular markers are metabolomics standing out the research of biomarkers in NMR approaches. An increasing number of nutritionists integrate metabolomics into their study design, making nutrimetabolomics one of the most promising avenues for improving personalized nutrition. This review highlight the major five risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome and related diseases including carbohydrate dysfunction, dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, inflammation, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Together, it is proposed a profile of metabolites of each risk factor obtained from NMR approaches to target them using personalized nutrition, which will improve the quality of life for these patients.

A Pilot Study for Metabolic Profiling of Obesity-Associated Microbial Gut Dysbiosis in Male Wistar Rats

“…The field of metabolomics has been increasing as an important tool for the prognosis, and diagnosis, of different diseases stages, by investigating the endogenous levels of small metabolites in clinical practice from different biofluids standing out plasma/serum and urine [ 27 , 28 ]. Furthermore, the scientific community has been called to use these tools to obtain information about the metabolism and potential biomarkers of obesity-associated risk factors [ 29 ].…”

A molecular signature for the Metabolic Syndrome by urine metabolomics

“…Several important conclusions can be extracted from the heatmap: (i) MetS emerges as a complex metabolic scenario where some metabolites upregulate and some others are downregulated in urine, (ii) the (unsupervised) cluster analysis sorts the conditions in a way that naturally progresses towards the consensus de nition of MetS (i. e., the conditions with more RF=1 fall in the right side of the heatmap and vice versa); (iii) the metabolic variation is concomitant to the progression towards MetS, with closeto-linear variations of the metabolite concentrations as a function of the conditions; and (iv) most of the pertinent metabolites are related to the molecular pathophysiology of the RF under consideration (Table 3): aromatic amino acids and histidine have been already associated to MetS (23,24); insulin resistance is obviously related with an increase in glucose (25) and/or with elevated urine levels of p-cresol sulfate (26); hypertension is associated with low imidazole concentrations (27,28); upregulation of steroid lipids is a hallmark for dyslipidemia and obesity (29)(30)(31)(32) and a set of the discovered metabolites are related to obesity (i.e., kynurenic acid (33), salicyluric acid (34) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) (35,36)). In turn, we also associate here, for the rst time, some other dysregulated metabolites to MetS: methylhippuric acid, maltitol, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid (4-HPPA), trigonelline, quinolinic acid and nicotinuric acid.…”

Effect of Defatted Dabai Pulp Extract in Urine Metabolomics of Hypercholesterolemic Rats

“…In animals, 95% of total tissue choline is used to form phosphatidylcholine (PC) via the Kennedy pathway. PC is essential for very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) packaging, exporting, and secreting triglyceride (TG) and acts as an intermediary to sustain a balance between plasma and liver fat [ 47 ]. Choline deficiency results in various disorders such as fatty liver and liver dysfunction, leading to elevations in liver aminotransferase serum concentrations.…”