Detection of endogenous steroid abuse in cattle: results from population studies in the UK

Scarth, James; Clarke, Adam; Teale, P.; Mill, Aileen C.; Macarthur, Roy; Kay, Jack F.

doi:10.1080/19440049.2010.539628

Cited by 17 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Whether the hormone is exogenous or of natural origin can be determined based on knowledge of marker metabolites, yet only a few of those have been discovered so far (7). Therefore, the majority of methods that have been developed in this field rely on steroid exceeding concentration thresholds as a means of detecting their abuse (17,18). Due to the high variations among concentrations of testosterone in bovine urine under physiological conditions and limited data on its natural level, no acceptable ranges for this hormone are established.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of the natural hormones 17β-oestradiol and testosterone in serum of cattle: results from population studies in Poland

Woźniak

Witek

Matraszek-Żuchowska

et al. 2016

Journal of Veterinary Research

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Introduction: The present study is a comprehensive overview of the natural occurrence of 17β-oestradiol and testosterone in serum of cattle in Poland. Material and Methods: The serum samples (n = 826) were collected from cattle within five years. The samples were examined for the presence of oestradiol and testosterone using ELISA or gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Results: In 98 samples (24%) 17β-oestradiol was detected above decision limits of applied methods, including five samples over the recommended concentration of 0.1 μg L -1 . Of the serum samples taken from cows (≤18 months of age), 95 and 99 percentiles of the animals had 17β-oestradiol concentration below 0.027 and 0.086 μg L -1 and of samples from cows over 18 months of age -below 0.059 and 0.125 μg L -1 respectively. Calculated values for bulls (≤18 months of age) were 0.025 and 0.034 μg L -1 and for the animals older than 18 months of age -0.035 and 0.041 μg L -1 . The natural presence of testosterone was detected in 201 serum samples (48.7%). According to the obtained data, 95% and 99% of cows (≤18 months of age) serum samples had testosterone concentration below 0.05 and 0.23 μg L -1 and the animals over 18 months of age -0.30 and 0.49 µg L -1 , respectively. For bulls these values did not depend on the age of the animals and were in the ranges of 5 -6.3 μg L -1 (95%) and 11.4 -12.1 μg L -1 (99%). Conclusion: Our study showed that the threshold values for these hormones in plasma of cattle designated years ago are correct, but they need to be supplemented for animals older than 18 months.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of the natural hormones 17β-oestradiol and testosterone in serum of cattle: results from population studies in Poland

Woźniak

Witek

Matraszek-Żuchowska

et al. 2016

Journal of Veterinary Research

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“…However, as analytical limits of detection decrease, it is also likely that further steroids will be discovered as endogenous in food-producing animals. For example, since the time that the review article of Scarth et al [35] was published, the following steroids have been discovered to be endogenous: 19-noretiocholanolone in boars and gilts, [42] a range of different nandrolone metabolites in steers and heifers, [47,80] wethers, rams and ewes [48] as well as prednisolone in cattle. [81] Furthermore, it has recently been demonstrated that some types of wooden crate in which veal calves are housed may contain precursors to Boldenone.…”

Section: Discussion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…-Can be combined with some other screening approaches such as threshold concentrations if the same analytical technique is used. Threshold concentrations (urine, plasma/serum) [42][43][44][46][47][48] -Can be used for both screening and confirmation by using different thresholds.…”

Section: Discussion and Future Perspectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[48] An alternative to correcting steroid concentrations for SG would be to use the creatinine concentration. However, results from bovine [47] and ovine [48] population studies in the UK failed to demonstrate a reduction in the relative standard deviation of the data following correction for creatinine concentration.…”

Section: Threshold Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first use of the 'y out of n' approach involved the proposal of urinary concentration thresholds for detecting the abuse of nandrolone, boldenone, testosterone and oestradiol abuse in cattle [46,47] For each analyte, the use of the '2 out of 2' and '3 out of 3' animal approaches lead to concentration thresholds approximately 10-and 20-fold lower, respectively, compared with the traditional '1 out of 1' (single animal) approach. However, although the larger 'y out of n' approach allows for a reduction in the concentration threshold, the risk of false compliances increases with n due to potential inter-individual variation in excretion profiles.…”

Section: Threshold Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A review of analytical strategies for the detection of ‘endogenous’ steroid abuse in food production

Scarth¹,

Kay

Teale³

et al. 2012

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Detection of the abuse of synthetic steroids in food production is nowadays relatively straightforward using modern techniques such as gas or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS or LC-MS/MS, respectively). However, proving the abuse of 'endogenous' (or naturally occurring) steroids is more difficult. Despite these difficulties, significant progress in this area has recently been made and a number of methods are now available.The aim of the current review was to systematically review the available analytical approaches, which include threshold concentrations, qualitative 'marker' metabolites, intact steroid esters, gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS), longitudinal testing and 'omics' biomarker profiling. The advantages/disadvantages of these methods are considered in detail, but the choice of which to adopt is dictated by a number of practical, political, and economic factors, which vary in different parts of the world. These include the steroid/species combination requiring analysis, the matrix tested, whether samples are collected from live or slaughtered animals, available analytical instrumentation, sample throughput/cost, and the relevant legal/regulatory frameworks. Furthermore, these approaches could be combined in a range of different parallel and/or sequential screening/confirmatory testing streams, with the final choice being determined by the aforementioned considerations.Despite these advances, more work is required to refine the different techniques and to respond to the ever increasing list of compounds classified as 'endogenous'. At this advanced stage, however, it is now more important than ever for scientists and regulators from across the world to communicate and collaborate in order to harmonize and streamline research efforts.

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Differentiation of boldenone administration from ex vivo transformation in the urine of castrated male horses

Viljanto¹,

Kaabia²,

Taylor³

et al. 2022

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Boldenone is an anabolic‐androgenic steroid that is prohibited in equine sports. However, in certain situations, it is endogenous or is believed to be formed by microbes in urine, and therefore, an approach for the differentiation is required. Following the identification of Δ1‐progesterone and 20(S)‐hydroxy‐Δ1‐progesterone as potential biomarkers of microbial activity, the presence of six steroids was investigated in the postrace urine of castrated male horses (geldings, n = 158). In line with endogenous findings from several other species when ultrasensitive methods are employed, boldenone was detected at low concentrations in all urine samples (27.0–1330 pg/ml). Furthermore, testosterone and androstenedione were detected in 157 samples (≤12,400 and 944 pg/ml, respectively), boldienone in two samples (≤22.0 pg/ml) and 20(S)‐hydroxy‐Δ1‐progesterone in 20 samples (≤66.0 pg/ml). Δ1‐Progesterone was not detected in any population samples analysed on arrival at the laboratory. The ex vivo transformation of boldienone, boldenone, androstenedione, Δ1‐progesterone and 20(S)‐hydroxy‐Δ1‐progesterone was induced following the storage of urine samples at room temperature for 7 days but not after refrigeration. Because the administration of inappropriately stored feed sources also resulted in an increase in 20(S)‐hydroxy‐Δ1‐progesterone concentrations, a biomarker approach to distinguish steroid administrations was proposed. In situations where the presence of boldenone would exceed a proposed action limit, the presence of Δ1‐progesterone and 20(S)‐hydroxy‐Δ1‐progesterone would be investigated. If either Δ1‐progesterone or 20(S)‐hydroxy‐Δ1‐progesterone would exceed 50 and 100 pg/ml, respectively, for instance, then this would indicate ex vivo transformation or consumption of altered feed rather than steroid administration.

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Detection of endogenous steroid abuse in cattle: results from population studies in the UK

Cited by 17 publications

References 13 publications

Levels of the natural hormones 17β-oestradiol and testosterone in serum of cattle: results from population studies in Poland

Levels of the natural hormones 17β-oestradiol and testosterone in serum of cattle: results from population studies in Poland

A review of analytical strategies for the detection of ‘endogenous’ steroid abuse in food production

Differentiation of boldenone administration from ex vivo transformation in the urine of castrated male horses

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