Detection of factor XIII‐A is a valuable tool for distinguishing dendritic cells and tissue macrophages in granuloma annulare and necrobiosis lipoidica

Abstract

Background Factor XIII subunit A (FXIII-A) is used as a diagnostic marker in a wide range of dermatological diseases ranging from inflammatory lesions to malignancies, although neither the cell types responsible for its expression nor the

The role of factor XIII-A in the development of inflammatory skin lesions

“…The expression of FXIII-A specific mRNA in a number of monocyte-derived macrophages including tumor macrophages, histocytes, dendritic reticulum cells, perivascular dendritic macrophages, and dermal dendrocytes was demonstrated, and their responsibility for the FXIII-A synthesis was strongly suggested [6,8,12,15,[22][23][24][25]. It was also observed that induction of monocytes differentiation into antigen presenting dendritic cells resulted in highly elevated FXIII-A expression, and its crucial role by fibrin crosslinking in this transformation was suggested.…”

“…The elevated dermal expression of FXIII-A in the inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis, eczema, spongiotic dermatoses, lichen planus, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and uricaria was observed [4,10,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][27][28][29]. Migration of FXIII-A-positive inflammatory macrophages and dermal dendrocytes in association with other inflammatory cells into the epidermal compartment in chronic plaque psoriasis was reported.…”

“…In recent studies the role of FXIII-A as a potential modulator factor in development of inflammatory process was indicated [1,4,6,9,12,15].…”

“…Change in the FXIII-A-positive dermal dendrocytes is characterized by intense cytoskeletal reorganization resulting in many cellular functions and improvement of tensegrity. The intracellular activity of FXIII-A may be responsible for proliferation, differentiation, migration, survival and excessive inflammatory cytokine secretion of dermal dendrocytes [5,6,8,9,12,15].…”

“…It is also used as a diagnostic marker in various dermatological diseases ranging from inflammatory lesions such as psoriasis, eczema, spongiotic dermatoses, lichen planus, toxic epidermal necrolysis, and uricaria, to malignancies such as dermatofibromas, Kaposi's sarcomas, basal cell carcinomas and malignant melanomas [4,10,[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]]. …”