Detection of Glucose Based on Noble Metal Nanozymes: Mechanism, Activity Regulation, and Enantioselective Recognition

Abstract

Glucose monitoring is essential to evaluate the degree of glucose metabolism disorders. The enzymatic determination has been the most widely used method in glucose detection because of its high efficiency, accuracy, and sensitivity. Noble metal nanomaterials (NMs, i.e., Au, Ag, Pt, and Pd), inheriting their excellent electronic, optical, and enzyme‐like properties, are classified as noble metal nanozymes (NMNZs). As the NMNZs are often involved in two series of reactions, the oxidation of glucose and the chromogenic reaction of peroxide, here the chemical mechanism by employing NMNZs with glucose oxidase (GOx) and peroxidase (POD) mimicking activities is briefly summarized first. Subsequently, the regulation strategies of the GOx‐like, POD‐like and tandem enzyme‐like activities of NMNZs are presented in detail, including the materials, size, morphology, composition, and the reaction condition of the representative NMs. In addition, in order to further mimic the enantioselectivity of enzyme, the design of NMNZs with enantioselective recognition of d‐glucose and l‐glucose by using different chiral compounds (DNA, amino acids, and cyclodextrins) and molecular imprinting is further described in this review. Finally, the feasible solutions to the existing challenges and a vision for future development possibilities are discussed.

Research Progress on Biomimetic Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Glucose Sensors

“…All the time, as three typical biomimetic nanomaterials, noble metal, transition metal oxides, and carbon-based materials have received extensive attention. Noble-metal-based nanomaterials have special optical properties [ 44 ], good chemical stability [ 45 ], controllable enzyme-like activity [ 46 ], and favorable biocompatibility [ 47 ] and are widely applied in industrial catalysis [ 48 ] and medical fields [ 49 ]. In 2007, Yan’s research group discovered for the first time that magnetic nanoparticles of ferric oxide have catalytic activity [ 50 ].…”

Advances and perspectives of nanozymes in respiratory diseases

“…Among them, the explorations of metal oxide, metal, metal sulfide, carbon, and metalorganic frameworks have aroused remarkable interest. [42][43][44][45][46] Nanozymes with peroxidase-like activity can catalyze reactions of H 2 O 2 and H 2 O 2 -related substrates, widely applied for biosensors and biomedicine. [47][48][49][50][51] In these peroxidase-like nanozyme-catalyzed systems, substrates such as 3,3 0 ,5,5 0 -tetramethylbenzidine, 2,2 0 -azinobis-3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, o-phenylene-diamine dihydrochloride, Trinder's reagents, terephthalic acid, luminol, and others are often applied to generate signal products in the presence of H 2 O 2 .…”

Multifunctional Nanoprobe-Amplified Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay on Capillary: A Universal Platform for Simple, Rapid, and Ultrasensitive Dual-Mode Pathogen Detection

“…Recently, the inclusion of functional nanomaterials with unique optical, magnetic, electronic, and catalytic properties has been exploited for signal amplification in ELISA, which has led to better performance with a lower limit of detection (LOD) and other benefits. − First, these nanomaterials can act as enzyme mimetics (nanozymes) to replace natural enzymes in ELISA, which has revolutionized the field of clinical diagnosis. , Many research studies have shown that nanozymes offer significant advantages compared to natural enzymes, including low costs, facile preparation, easy labeling, improved stability under ambient conditions, and easy regulation of composition and structure. , Up to now, a lot of nanozymes such as noble metal, metal oxide/sulfide, , carbon materials, and metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have been successfully developed in recent years. Among them, Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles (NPs), the first nanozyme discovered in 2007, were the most popular and prominent enzyme substitute because the unique magnetic property of Fe 3 O 4 NPs offers additional enrichment capacity for target purification in complex matrices and shows excellent compatibility with ELISA .…”