Detection of Helicobacter pylori DNA in houseflies (Musca domestica) on three continents

Exposure to foodborne and orofecal microbes versus airborne viruses in relation to atopy and allergic asthma: epidemiological study

“…Hepatitis A virus is a typical orofecal infection, which is also acquired from contaminated food and water; T gondii is acquired mainly through ingestion of unwashed raw vegetables contaminated by the faeces of infected mammals (mainly cats) and meat containing tissue oocysts21; H pylori has been cultured from human faeces,22 house flies,23 and sheep milk,24 and intrafamilial early cross infection through the faecal to oral or oral to oral route or by ingestion of contaminated food and water has also been suggested 22 25. By contrast, measles, mumps, rubella, and chickenpox are highly infectious airborne viruses the transmission of which is less affected by hygiene.…”

A Population Genetics Pedigree Perspective on the Transmission of Helicobacter pylori

“…The very high levels of gene diversity and the observation that most individuals carry highly divergent genotypes imply the presence of an immense community reservoir of H. pylori genotypes that serves as a source of infection. Many studies have searched for environmental sources of H. pylori such as water supplies (Klein et al 1991;Hulten et al 1996;Bunn et al 2002), food (Hopkins et al 1993), or insect vectors (Grubel et al 1998;Osato et al 1998), but these sources remain poorly substantiated and controversial, perhaps due to the presence of an alternate form of the bacterium that is difficult to culture (Bode et al 1993;Dowsett and Kowolik 2003). The Ogies community considered here has a reticulated supply of treated tap water and flushing toilets, and hence water and sanitation are unlikely explanations for the high prevalence and diversity of H. pylori in this population.…”

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Warao lineage communities of Delta Amacuro State, Venezuela

“…This produces optimal conditions for the development of microorganisms and other infectious agents, generating a permanent infection source for its inhabitants, increasing the infection risk and therefore the damage to the gastrointestinal mucosal tissue. Even though the H. pylori transmission mode is not well established, fecal-oral and oral-oral modes of transmission have been suggested (Grübel et al 1998) and intrafamilial transmission is important on the acquisition of infections (Miyazaki et al 2002, Taneike et al 2001. H. pylori has been cultured from vomitus, saliva, and diarrheal stool (Smith & Parsonnet 1998).…”