Detection of HPV16 E6 DNA in periodontal pockets of middle‐aged and older people

Abstract

Previous research has shown that several clinicopathological factors (eg age, sex, smoking, sexual behavior, immunodeficiency, and periodontitis) are associated with oral human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. 1 We found that in oral rinse samples, men showed a significantly higher prevalence of oral HPV infection than did women. 2 In addition, subjects aged 20-29 and 60-69 years showed high HPV16 prevalences, suggesting that increased sexual activities and decreased oral immune functions due to aging may increase infection rates. 2 A meta-analysis was performed to determine significant risk factors for oral HPV infection and revealed that current smoking was one significant risk factor. 1 Gillison et al 3 reported that women who currently smoked 10 cigarettes or more per day had an increased risk of oral HPV infection, but men did not, indicating that smoking was more strongly associated with oral HPV infection in women than in men. In addition, we found that oral sex and oral HPV infection were significantly associated; however, a meta-analysis showed that this association was not significant among women. 2 Thus, oral sex is likely related to oral HPV infections in men, and risk factors for oral HPV infection, such as smoking and sexual behavior, differ between men and women. Among risk factors for oral HPV infection, periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the oral cavity, which is commonly found in middle-aged and older people and is associated with smoking and type 2 diabetes. 4 Inflamed periodontal pockets may be related to infections

Prevalence and risk factors for oral HPV16/18 and candida in Japanese people without oral cancer or premalignant lesions

“…19 Inflammatory periodontal pockets are a reservoir for HPV in the oral cavity. 20 Poor oral hygiene (i.e., accumulation of dental plaque and increased numbers of oral bacteria) and periodontal disease were related to oral HPV infection in older people. 21,22 Hence, it is speculated that chronic periodontitis as well as a decreased immune response due to aging may be involved in the high prevalence of oral HPV16 DNA in older people.…”

“…Inflammatory periodontal pockets are a reservoir for HPV in the oral cavity 20 . Poor oral hygiene (i.e., accumulation of dental plaque and increased numbers of oral bacteria) and periodontal disease were related to oral HPV infection in older people 21,22 .…”

Bacterial-Viral Interactions in Human Orodigestive and Female Genital Tract Cancers: A Summary of Epidemiologic and Laboratory Evidence

“…Others found correlation between HPV positivity in oropharyngeal cancer and severity of periodontitis measured by extent of alveolar bone loss [ 64 ], suggesting potential interaction between periodontal pathogens or resulting inflammation and HPV. However, other studies [ 65 , 66 , 67 ] that addressed altered prevalence or composition of oral/periodontal bacteria were too small (i.e., number of HPV positive cases < 10) to draw any reliable conclusion concerning specific bacteria to interact HPV.…”

The Presence of HPV in Dental Calculus: It’s Role in Pathogenesis of Oral and Cervical Cancer

“…GCF is a very specific oral cavity fluid that represents periodontal health [99]. In several studies, this fluid has been used as a biological source of detection for the presence of HPV [97,100]. HPV DNA is detected in advanced cases of periodontitis, but not detected in patients with gingivitis [101,102].…”

“…HPV DNA is detected in advanced cases of periodontitis, but not detected in patients with gingivitis [101,102]. There is a tendency that it is detected more often in women [100]. Women's specific factors, such as decreased levels of sex hormones, may increase the risk of HPV infection in the periodontal pocket [103].…”