Detection of Infectious Human Adenoviruses in Tertiary‐Treated and Ultraviolet‐Disinfected Wastewater

Thompson, Shawn; James, Jackson; Suva-Castillo, Mila; Yanko, William A.; Jack, Ziad El; Kuo, Jeff; Chen, Ching-lin; Williams, Fred P.; Schnurr, David P.

doi:10.2175/106143003x140944

Cited by 87 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Viral pathogens that are associated with fecal contaminants tend to persist longer in the environment than do bacterial contaminants and are known for their ability to survive harsh weather and disinfecting treatments [29]. Adenovirus is an example of resilient virus that survives ultraviolet (UV) disinfection better than bacterial indicators [30]. Hence, observations suggest that the use of viruses (or phages) as bioindicators is an excellent alternative to traditional bacterial indicators [31,32].…”

Section: Traditional Pathogen Detection Techniques (Culture-based Metmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recommended advanced techniques for waterborne pathogen detection in developing countries

Alhamlan

Al‐Qahtani

Al-Ahdal

2015

J Infect Dev Ctries

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The effect of human activities on water resources has expanded dramatically during the past few decades, leading to the spread of waterborne microbial pathogens. The total global health impact of human infectious diseases associated with pathogenic microorganisms from landbased wastewater pollution was estimated to be approximately three million disability-adjusted life years (DALY), with an estimated economic loss of nearly 12 billion US dollars per year. Although clean water is essential for healthy living, it is not equally granted to all humans. Indeed, people who live in developing countries are challenged every day by an inadequate supply of clean water. Polluted water can lead to health crises that in turn spread waterborne pathogens. Taking measures to assess the water quality can prevent these potential risks. Thus, a pressing need has emerged in developing countries for comprehensive and accurate assessments of water quality. This review presents current and emerging advanced techniques for assessing water quality that can be adopted by authorities in developing countries.

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Section: Traditional Pathogen Detection Techniques (Culture-based Metmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recommended advanced techniques for waterborne pathogen detection in developing countries

Alhamlan

Al‐Qahtani

Al-Ahdal

2015

J Infect Dev Ctries

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“…The commonly applied UV dose for disinfecting wastewater is generally less than 100 mJ/cm 2 (Bourrouet et al, 2001;Jolis et al, 2001). Occasionally, a UV dose of 170-300 mJ/cm 2 has been applied to achieve a higher efficiency of bacteria inactivation (Thompson et al, 2003;Lazarova and Savoys, 2004).…”

Section: Disinfection With Uv Lightmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disinfection of swine wastewater using chlorine, ultraviolet light and ozone

et al. 2006

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Swine wastewater Chlorine Ultraviolet light Ozone A B S T R A C TVeterinary antibiotics are widely used at concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) to prevent disease and promote growth of livestock. However, the majority of antibiotics are excreted from animals in urine, feces, and manure. Consequently, the lagoons used to store these wastes can act as reservoirs of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.There is currently no regulation or control of these systems to prevent the spread of these bacteria and their genes for antibiotic resistance into other environments. This study was conducted to determine the disinfection potential of chlorine, ultraviolet light and ozone against swine lagoon bacteria. Results indicate that a chlorine dose of 30 mg/L could achieve a 2.2-3.4 log bacteria reduction in lagoon samples. However, increasing the dose of chlorine did not significantly enhance the disinfection activity due to the presence of chlorine-resistant bacteria. The chlorine resistant bacteria were identified to be closely related to Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis. A significant percentage of lagoon bacteria were not susceptible to the four selected antibiotics: chlortetracycline, lincomycin, sulfamethazine and tetracycline (TET). However, the presence of both chlorine and TET could inactivate all bacteria in one lagoon sample. The disinfection potential of UV irradiation and ozone was also examined. Ultraviolet light was an effective bacterial disinfectant, but was unlikely to be economically viable due to its high energy requirements. At an ozone dose of 100 mg/L, the bacteria inactivation efficiency could reach 3.3À3.9 log.

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“…Infectious adenoviruses have been detected in surface waters, wastewater, and UV-irradiated wastewater (Van Heerden et al 2003, Thompson et al 2003, Chapron et al 2000 including samples in which the number of coliforms was below the detectable limit, thus raising the issue of suitability of traditional bacterial indicators for water quality monitoring (Van Heerden et al 2003, Thompson et al 2003. The range of environments in which adenoviruses have been detected is not surprising given their observed ability to persist and remain infectious in water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of Adenovirus Types 2, 5, and 41 in Drinking Water by UV Light, Free Chlorine, and Monochloramine

et al. 2007

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A bench-scale study was conducted to determine the inactivation of adenovirus types 2, 5, and 41 by ultraviolet (UV) light, chlorine, and monochloramine. The motivation for this study was to determine whether UV disinfection followed by chlorine or monochloramine for a very short contact time (e.g. a minute) could satisfy regulatory requirements for 4-log virus inactivation. In order to overcome the difficulty Ad 41 presents for enumeration of the virus in cell culture, a technique was used that combined immunofluorescent staining of viral antigen with traditional scoring of cytopathic effect (CPE). A UV dose of 40 mJ/cm 2 (millijoules per square centimetre) (applied using a collimated beam apparatus) achieved approximately 1-log inactivation of adenovirus (Ad) types 2, 5 and 41, confirming previous research. Ad 41 was found to be more UV-resistant to UV light than Ad 2 or Ad 5 at UV doses > 70 mJ/cm 2 to a statistically significant degree (95% confidence); however, at lower UV doses there were no statistically significant differences. Experiments with Ad 5 and Ad 41 at 5 °C and pH 8.5 showed that chlorine was very effective against Ad 5 and Ad 41, with a CT (product of disinfectant concentration and contact time) of 0.22 mg·min/L providing 4-log inactivation. Monochloramine was less effective against these adenoviruses, with a CT of 350 mg·min/L required to achieve 2.5-log inactivation of Ad 5 and 41 at 5 °C and pH 8.5.

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Detection of Infectious Human Adenoviruses in Tertiary‐Treated and Ultraviolet‐Disinfected Wastewater

Cited by 87 publications

References 20 publications

Recommended advanced techniques for waterborne pathogen detection in developing countries

Recommended advanced techniques for waterborne pathogen detection in developing countries

Disinfection of swine wastewater using chlorine, ultraviolet light and ozone

Inactivation of Adenovirus Types 2, 5, and 41 in Drinking Water by UV Light, Free Chlorine, and Monochloramine

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