Inactivation of Adenovirus Types 2, 5, and 41 in Drinking Water by UV Light, Free Chlorine, and Monochloramine

Baxter, Carole; Hofmann, Ron; Templeton, Michael R.; Brown, Martha; Andrews, Robert C.

doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2007)133:1(95)

Cited by 63 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…For adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), the required UV fluence is 160 to 170 mJ cm Ϫ2 (1), which is similar to those required for Ad1 (9), Ad2 (1, 5), Ad6 (9), and Ad40 and Ad41 (8). However, there are two studies that report higher resistance levels among the enteric adenoviruses, with UV fluences of 109 and 120 mJ cm Ϫ2 required for only 2-log inactivation of Ad40 and Ad41, respectively (1,14), compared to Meng and Gerba's data (8) (120 mJ cm Ϫ2 for 4-log inactivation) for these same adenovirus types. No studies to date have been published on the inactivation of adenoviruses by use of polychromatic UV sources, such as medium-pressure (MP) and pulsed UV (PUV) lamps.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Recent data showing the high level of resistance of adenovirus to UV light were developed using LP UV sources at a wavelength of 254 nm (1,5,9,14). Based on the action spectrum information and the MP and PUV results, it appears that other wavelengths emitted by the polychromatic UV lamps are more effective than the 254 nm emitted by LP UV.…”

Section: Fig 2 Description Of the Geometry For The Test Cell Used Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhanced UV Inactivation of Adenoviruses under Polychromatic UV Lamps

Linden

Thurston

Schaefer

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Adenovirus is recognized as the most UV-resistant waterborne pathogen of concern to public health microbiologists. The U.S. EPA has stipulated that a UV fluence (dose) of 186 mJ cm ؊2 is required for 4-log inactivation credit in water treatment. However, all adenovirus inactivation data to date published in the peer-reviewed literature have been based on UV disinfection experiments using UV irradiation at 253.7 nm produced from a conventional low-pressure UV source. The work reported here presents inactivation data for adenovirus based on polychromatic UV sources and details the significant enhancement in inactivation achieved using these polychromatic sources. When full-spectrum, medium-pressure UV lamps were used, 4-log inactivation of adenovirus type 40 is achieved at a UV fluence of less than 60 mJ cm ؊2 and a surface discharge pulsed UV source required a UV fluence of less than 40 mJ cm ؊2 . The action spectrum for adenovirus type 2 was also developed and partially explains the improved inactivation based on enhancements at wavelengths below 230 nm. Implications for water treatment, public health, and the future of UV regulations for virus disinfection are discussed.UV disinfection is a well-accepted technology for inactivation of bacterial and protozoan pathogens. Until recently, UV was also considered a viable technology for disinfection of viruses. At UV fluences (doses) typically used in water disinfection, UV is very effective (Ͼ4-log inactivation) against almost all known pathogenic viruses, with the one exception of adenoviruses (5). Adenovirus has been recently listed on the U.S. EPA Candidate Contaminant List, which indicates that it is a high priority for possible future regulation and is known or anticipated to occur in public water systems, but significant data gaps need to be addressed before regulation can be invoked. According to recently published U.S. EPA regulations (17), the inactivation of adenoviruses to a level of 4 log requires a UV fluence of 186 mJ cm Ϫ2 , based on an 80% credible interval, as presented in the Draft UV Disinfection Guidance Manual (16). The U.S. EPA-regulated UV fluence for inactivation of all viruses is now based on the conservative case of adenoviruses. Yates et al. (18) provide an excellent review of the issues surrounding the UV inactivation of adenovirus.Although data sets for UV inactivation of adenovirus differ moderately, they all place adenovirus as the most UV-resistant health-related virus known. However, all peer-reviewed published studies to date have been performed using a low-pressure (LP) mercury vapor UV lamp source characterized by a monochromatic output in the UV range at 253.7 nm. Based on these LP UV irradiation studies, the UV fluence necessary to achieve 4-log inactivation of adenovirus varies from 120 to approximately 180 mJ cm Ϫ2 . For adenovirus type 5 (Ad5), the required UV fluence is 160 to 170 mJ cm Ϫ2 (1), which is similar to those required for Ad1 (9), Ad2 (1, 5), Ad6 (9), and Ad40 and Ad41 (8). However, there are two studies that repo...

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confidence: 96%

Section: Fig 2 Description Of the Geometry For The Test Cell Used Tmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced UV Inactivation of Adenoviruses under Polychromatic UV Lamps

Linden

Thurston

Schaefer

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…(ii) Ads are among the most prevalent human viruses identified in human sewage and are frequently detected in marine waters and the Great Lakes (17,32,33,35). (iii) Ads are more resistant to UV disinfection than any other bacteria or viruses (3,5,10,24,41,42,44). Thus, they may survive wastewater treatment as increasing numbers of wastewater treatment facilities switch from chlorination to UV to avoid disinfection by-products.…”

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confidence: 99%

Detection of Infectious Adenoviruses in Environmental Waters by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting Assay

Jiang

2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…To date, research on the kinetics and mechanisms of virus inactivation has focused on drinking water treatment methods typically applied in industrialized countries. Adenoviruses generally show considerable resistance to disinfection with monochromatic UVC light and monochloramines (10)(11)(12)(13)(14) but are readily inactivated by free chlorine (12,15).…”

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confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of Human Adenovirus Inactivation by Sunlight and UVC Light as Examined by Quantitative PCR and Quantitative Proteomics

Bosshard

Armand

Hamelin

et al. 2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Human adenoviruses (HAdV) are important pathogens in both industrialized and developing nations. HAdV has been shown to be relatively resistant to monochromatic UVC light. Polychromatic UVC light, in contrast, is a more effective means of disinfection, presumably due to the involvement of viral proteins in the inactivation mechanism. Solar disinfection of HAdV, finally, is only poorly understood. In this paper, the kinetics and mechanism of HAdV inactivation by UVC light and direct and indirect solar disinfection are elucidated. PCR and mass spectrometry were employed to quantify the extent of genome and protein degradation and to localize the affected regions in the HAdV proteins. For this purpose, we used for the first time an approach involving stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) of a human virus. Inactivation by UVC light and the full sunlight spectrum were found to efficiently inactivate HAdV, whereas UVA-visible light only caused inactivation in the presence of external sensitizers (indirect solar disinfection). Genome damage was significant for UVC but was less important for solar disinfection. In contrast, indirect solar disinfection exhibited extensive protein degradation. In particular, the fiber protein and the amino acids responsible for host binding within the fiber protein were shown to degrade. In addition, the central domain of the penton protein was damaged, which may inhibit interactions with the fiber protein and lead to a disruption of the initial stages of infection. Damage to the hexon protein, however, appeared to affect only regions not directly involved in the infectious cycle.

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Inactivation of Adenovirus Types 2, 5, and 41 in Drinking Water by UV Light, Free Chlorine, and Monochloramine

Cited by 63 publications

References 31 publications

Enhanced UV Inactivation of Adenoviruses under Polychromatic UV Lamps

Enhanced UV Inactivation of Adenoviruses under Polychromatic UV Lamps

Detection of Infectious Adenoviruses in Environmental Waters by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting Assay

Mechanisms of Human Adenovirus Inactivation by Sunlight and UVC Light as Examined by Quantitative PCR and Quantitative Proteomics

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