Detection of insect vectors of the citrus stubborn disease pathogen, <i>Spiroplasma citri</i> Saglio et al., in the citrus growing area of South Turkey<sup>1</sup>

Kersting, U.; ŜEngonca, Q.

doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.1992.tb00675.x

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…No interception from third countries is documented to date in the EUROPHYT database. (Calavan and Bové, 1989;Kersting and Sengonca, 1992). Of these, only the first three species are reported in Europe (de Jong, 2013) and are believed to be of Old World origin (Calavan and Bové, 1989).…”

Section: Spiroplasma Citri Distribution In the Eumentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Spiroplasma citri

Rossi¹

2014

EFS2

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The Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of Spiroplasma citri, the causal agent of citrus stubborn disease, horseradish brittle root and carrot purple leaf. S. citri is a well‐defined species of the genus Spiroplasma, a group of helical wall‐less bacteria (Mollicutes) mainly associated with arthropods. Routine molecular detection methods are available and are appropriate for identification. S. citri is not known to occur in most of the EU Member States. Among citrus‐growing countries, only Croatia, Greece, Malta and Portugal do not report S. citri. The disease seems to be widespread only in Cyprus. S. citri is included in Annex II, Part A, Section II of Directive 2000/29/EC. The insect vectors Circulifer haematoceps and C. tenellus are included in the same Directive, Annex II, Part A, Section II. Citrus, the main host plant (as a symptomatic host crop), is listed (a) in Annex III, Part A, (b) in Annex IV, Part A, Section II, (c) in the same annex, Part B, and (d) in Annex V, Parts A and B, Section I. S. citri is disseminated by plants for planting and by seven species of leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), of which only three species, C. tenellus, C. haematoceps and C. opacipennis, are reported in the EU. Besides the rutaceous hosts, more than 33 other plant species from 12 different families can be hosts, even if only some may show symptoms. Ecological conditions in the risk assessment area are suitable for the establishment and spread of S. citri at least where citrus is currently grown. Yield reductions on citrus crops are reported from Cyprus, with reduction in fruit size, weight and quality. Infected planting material could contribute to the dissemination of S. citri, as well as the insect vectors. In areas with a hot, dry climate, the impact on the yield and quality may be high.

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Section: Spiroplasma Citri Distribution In the Eumentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Spiroplasma citri

Rossi¹

2014

EFS2

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“…Field identification of the leafhoppers was confirmed by microscopic examination of dissected male genitalia in the laboratory. ELISA of leafhoppers was performed as described previously (8), and culture of the stubborn pathogen from leafhoppers was carried out according to Markham, et al (10) and confirmed by ELISA.…”

Section: S Citri Leafhoppers Were Collectedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…OF SPZROPLASMA CZTRZ FROM, AND RATE OF TRANSMISSION TO PERIWINKLE BY, LEAFHOPPERS COLLECTED FROM FIELD IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN REGION OF TURKEYIN 1988-1990AND 1992 …”

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confidence: 99%

New Findings on the Epidemiology of Spiroplasma citri in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey

Kersting¹,

Baspinar²,

Çınar³

et al. 1993

International Organization of Citrus Virologists Conference Proceedings (1957-2010)

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Noncitrus plant hosts and leafhopper vectors of Spiroplasma citri found in the citrusgrowing area of the Eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey were determined by ELISA, culture and transmission tests. Four plant hosts of S. citri were found, the most important being sesame, a common crop in the region. S. citri was cultured from seven leafhopper species, including two closely related, but distinct species of the genus Circulifer Zakhvatkin belonging to two subgeneric species complexes, namely C. haematoceps (M. & R.) complex and C. opacipennis (Lethieny) complex. They differed in both their range of host plants and in the male genitalia shapes. The apex of the style of C. haematoceps was slightly bent, while C. opacipennis possessed strong laterally curved apical extensions of the style. The only host plant of the latter complex was Salsola kali, while C. haematoceps was shown to be natural vector of S. citri, transmitting it from sesame to periwinkle. It is assumed that sesame and the associated C. haematoceps complex play an important role in the epidemiology of stubborn, while that of the C. opacipennis complex remains unclear.

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“…The dsRNA analysis showed that seedling yellows and stem pitting strains were found in citrus trees infected with CTV (8,11) Stubborn: The causal agent of stubborn, Spiroplasma citri, is one of the most serious pathogens in Mediterranean region in Turkey (3). Stubborn is transmitted by the leafhoppers, Circulifer haematoceps and C. opacipennis in Çukurova region (9). Stubborn causes stunting, bushy appearence, twig dieback, of season flowering, acorn shaped and lopsided small fruits, and low yields.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Virus and Virus-like Diseases in Turkey Citriculture

Cinar¹,

Önelge²

2010

International Organization of Citrus Virologists Conference Proceedings (1957-2010)

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Citrus is one of the most important agricultural products in Turkey. Total annual citrus production is 3 million tons and 30% of this is exported. The major citrus growing areas are the Mediterranean, Aegean and Black Sea Regions. Sour orange is the main rootstock used in most citrus areas. Citrus trees are affected by a number of virus and virus-like diseases, the major ones being psorosis (Citrus psorosis virus), stubborn (Spiroplasma citri), citrus chlorotic dwarf disease, exocortis (Citrus exocortis viroid), cachexia (Citrus cachexia viroid), impietratura, citrus gummy bark, satsuma dwarf (Satsuma dwarf virus), cristacortis, rumple and yellow vein clearing. Although the number of trees infected with Citrus tristeza virus is very low, it remains a threat to Turkish citrus industry due to the widespread use of sour orange as the main rootstock.

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Detection of insect vectors of the citrus stubborn disease pathogen, Spiroplasma citri Saglio et al., in the citrus growing area of South Turkey¹

Cited by 15 publications

References 13 publications

Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Spiroplasma citri

Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Spiroplasma citri

New Findings on the Epidemiology of Spiroplasma citri in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey

Virus and Virus-like Diseases in Turkey Citriculture

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Detection of insect vectors of the citrus stubborn disease pathogen, Spiroplasma citri Saglio et al., in the citrus growing area of South Turkey1

Cited by 15 publications

References 13 publications

Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Spiroplasma citri

Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Spiroplasma citri

New Findings on the Epidemiology of Spiroplasma citri in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey

Virus and Virus-like Diseases in Turkey Citriculture

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Detection of insect vectors of the citrus stubborn disease pathogen, Spiroplasma citri Saglio et al., in the citrus growing area of South Turkey¹