Detection of Li-ion battery failure and venting with Carbon Dioxide sensors

Cai, Ting; Valecha, Puneet; Tran, Vivian; Engle, Brian; Stefanopoulou, Anna G.; Siegel, Jason B.

doi:10.1016/j.etran.2020.100100

Cited by 129 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Installation of sensors within a pack is not only limited by physical size of the devices, but also the wiring loom required to interface the sensor with the BMS. Sensors, such as thermocouples, are commonly placed in a handful of locations around a pack (typically less than 20 total sensors), which is likely to be insufficient to detect the failure of a single cell [8]. Inside the pack, the communication loom currently requires isolation from the high voltage bus bars as well as robust shielding (to prevent both physical damage for example during vibration, and noise immunity from the power electronics) [9,10].…”

Section: Cell Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Smart Cell Monitoring System Based on Power Line Communication—Optimization of Instrumentation and Acquisition for Smart Battery Management

Vincent¹,

Gulsoy

Sansom

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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Energy density of current generation battery packs is insufficient for next generation electric vehicles nor the electrification of the aerospace industry. Currently, approximately a third of energy density is lost due to ancillary demands (e.g., cooling and instrumentation) within a pack, relative to cell energy density. Smart cells, instrumented cells with sensors and circuitry, offer a means to monitor cell performance (e.g. temperature, voltage, current data). Uniquely here we demonstrate our 21700 cells instrumented with internal thermistor sensing arrays with custom miniature interface circuitry including data acquisition and communication components. This circuitry including a power line communication (PLC) system, enables sensor data to be collected and transmitted to a master controller without requiring additional wiring, and can achieve an excellent <0.005 % message error rate. The control and communication system includes the use of adaptive sampling algorithms (during identified periods of low demand, through temperature and current measurements) the cells transmit data at 0.2 Hz, increasing to 5 Hz (normal operation) or 10 Hz (beyond operating limits). This method was demonstrated via drive cycling and external heating to alert the master controller to abnormal operating conditions (rapidly, to avoid missing key features) while saving 65 % volume of data during a 90 minute experiment.

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Section: Cell Instrumentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Smart Cell Monitoring System Based on Power Line Communication—Optimization of Instrumentation and Acquisition for Smart Battery Management

Vincent¹,

Gulsoy

Sansom

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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“…According to Cai et al [56], the degradation product ratio is highly variable depending on the chemistry and structure of the lithium-ion battery and the abuse conditions. For example, in the case of NMC-based cells at 100% SoC, during overheating, the gas composition varies according to the geometry: in cylindrical cell, the main products are CO 2 and H 2 ; in prismatic cells, CO and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are the principal degradation products; and in pouch setup, CO and CO 2 cover more than the 60% of the total products.…”

Section: Chemical Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They require low power and are very compact but suffer from cross-sensitivity to other gases and large signal drift and are affected by low humidity environment. The unit price varies generally between 20 and 30 euros [56]. Conceptually, electrochemical gas sensors are structured as a fuel cell: two catalyzed electrodes are separated by an ionic conductor (see Figure 11).…”

Section: Chemical Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Mechanical and Chemical Sensors for Automotive Li-Ion Battery Systems

Rocca

Giuliano

Nicol

et al. 2022

Sensors

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The electrification of passenger cars is one of the most effective approaches to reduce noxious emissions in urban areas and, if the electricity is produced using renewable sources, to mitigate the global warming. This profound change of paradigm in the transport sector requires the use of Li-ion battery packages as energy storage systems to substitute conventional fossil fuels. An automotive battery package is a complex system that has to respect several constraints: high energy and power densities, long calendar and cycle lives, electrical and thermal safety, crash-worthiness, and recyclability. To comply with all these requirements, battery systems integrate a battery management system (BMS) connected to an complex network of electric and thermal sensors. On the other hand, since Li-ion cells can suffer from degradation phenomena with consequent generation of gaseous emissions or determine dimensional changes of the cell packaging, chemical and mechanical sensors should be integrated in modern automotive battery packages to guarantee the safe operation of the system. Mechanical and chemical sensors for automotive batteries require further developments to reach the requested robustness and reliability; in this review, an overview of the current state of art on such sensors will be proposed.

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“…In particular, the generation of heat and its accumulation inside the batteries is often accompanied by the generation of inflammable gases, such as CO, H 2 , CH 4 , C 2 H 4 , C 2 H 6 , and C 3 H 8 due to various parasitic reactions depending on temperature, electrolysis, electrolytes and the appearance of thermal leakage [13,20]. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the safety of the batteries by preventing the generation of these gases and/or by the implementation of suitable sensors for early hazard detection and rapid disconnection of the battery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive Manufacturing as a Means of Gas Sensor Development for Battery Health Monitoring

et al. 2021

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) still need continuous safety monitoring based on their intrinsic properties, as well as due to the increase in their sizes and device requirements. The main causes of fires and explosions in LIBs are heat leakage and the presence of highly inflammable components. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the safety of the batteries by preventing the generation of these gases and/or their early detection with sensors. The improvement of such safety sensors requires new approaches in their manufacturing. There is a growing role for research of nanostructured sensor’s durability in the field of ionizing radiation that also can induce structural changes in the LIB’s component materials, thus contributing to the elucidation of fundamental physicochemical processes; catalytic reactions or inhibitions of the chemical reactions on which the work of the sensors is based. A current method widely used in various fields, Direct Ink Writing (DIW), has been used to manufacture heterostructures of Al2O3/CuO and CuO:Fe2O3, followed by an additional ALD and thermal annealing step. The detection properties of these 3D-DIW printed heterostructures showed responses to 1,3-dioxolan (DOL), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) vapors, as well as to typically used LIB electrolytes containing LiTFSI and LiNO3 salts in a mixture of DOL:DME, as well also to LiPF6 salts in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) at operating temperatures of 200 °C–350 °C with relatively high responses. The combination of the possibility to detect electrolyte vapors used in LIBs and size control by the 3D-DIW printing method makes these heterostructures extremely attractive in controlling the safety of batteries.

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Detection of Li-ion battery failure and venting with Carbon Dioxide sensors

Cited by 129 publications

References 46 publications

A Smart Cell Monitoring System Based on Power Line Communication—Optimization of Instrumentation and Acquisition for Smart Battery Management

A Smart Cell Monitoring System Based on Power Line Communication—Optimization of Instrumentation and Acquisition for Smart Battery Management

A Review of Mechanical and Chemical Sensors for Automotive Li-Ion Battery Systems

Additive Manufacturing as a Means of Gas Sensor Development for Battery Health Monitoring

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