Detection of <i>kdr</i> pyrethroid resistance in the cotton aphid, <i>Aphis gossypii</i> (Hemiptera: Aphididae), using a PCR-RFLP assay

Abstract

Two point mutations, Leu1014 to Phe and Met918 to r, located in the domain II region of the para-type voltage gated sodium channel, confer knockdown resistance (kdr) to pyrethroid insecticides in several insect species. PCR ampli cation of this region in a pyrethroid-resistant and pyrethroid-susceptible strain of Aphis gossypii and use of a restriction fragment length polymorphism assay on PCR products (PCR-RFLP) provide the rst direct evidence of the Leu1014 to Phe kdr mutation in a eld isolate of A. gossypii.

A TaqMan qPCR method for detecting kdr resistance in Aphis gossypii demonstrates improved sensitivity compared to conventional PCR–RFLP

“…gossypii was attributed to a target site mutation (L1041F) in the voltage gated sodium channel (Herron et al 2001, Marshall et al 2012 and no super-kdr was observed.…”

Pyrethroid resistance associated with M918 L mutation and detoxifying metabolism in Aphis gossypii from Bt cotton growing regions of China

“…Further, knockdown resistance ( kdr ) and/or super‐knockdown resistance ( super‐kdr ) traits that reduce sensitivity to pyrethroids have been shown to be caused by mutations in the insect sodium channel and are responsible for pyrethroid target‐site resistance, which has been recently summarized in excellent reviews by Rinkevich et al ., Dong et al ., and Scott . Briefly, substitution of leucine for phenylalanine at position 1014 (L1014F) in the S6 segment of domain II or substitution of methionine for leucine at position 918 (M918 L) in the linker connecting S4 and S5 in domain II has been reported to be responsible for pyrethroid resistance in A. gossypii . It is noteworthy that only M918 L or L1014F has been detected alone, their co‐occurrence has never been observed in the field population of A. gossypii .…”

Characterization of the voltage‐gated sodium channel of the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri

“…S2). Likewise, there are no SNPs that would confer a change to one of the other known kdr mutations in this position, C, S, H, or W. Given the widespread nature of this particular mutation across taxonomically diverse species, including in the hemipterans Aphis gossypii (Marshall et al ., ), M. persicae (Martinez‐Torres et al ., ), Sitobion avenae (Foster et al ., ), and Triatoma infestans (Fabro et al ., ), this was unexpected. Because there is only 1 codon for methionine, all 7 SNPs known to confer a known pyrethroid‐resistant phenotype to an I, L, T or V are possible (Table ).…”