Detection of Maize Bushy Stunt Phytoplasma in Leafhoppers Collected in Native Corn Crops Grown at High Elevations in Southeast Mexico

Abstract

Phytoplasmas are wall-less bacteria, unculturable in vitro, and transmitted primarily by leafhoppers (Cicadellidae). Maize bushy stunt disease has been linked to phytoplasmas belonging to the16SrI-B subgroup and vectored by leafhoppers in the genus Dalbulus spp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). The recent detection of maize bushy stunt affecting native corn, maize, in the southeast highlands of Mexico motivated the survey to determine which leafhoppers were associated with this crop during the 2013-2014 growing season. We detected 7 leafhopper genera in native corn cultivated 2,400 meters above sea level (masl), with 4 of these genera reported for the first time in corn. Based on external morphology and male genitalia, we identified Idiodonus wickhami (Ball) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Amblysellus grex (Oman) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Empoasca fabae (Harris) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Macrosteles quadrilineatus (Forbes) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), and Dalbulus elimatus (Ball) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). We were not able to identify the leafhopper genera Graphocephala (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and Erythridula (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) to species because of a lack of male leafhoppers. Nymphal stages of I. wickhami also were identified using taxonomic and molecular tools. The presence of adults and nymphs of I. wickhami in the crop suggest that native corn grown in the southeast highlands of Mexico is a feeding and reproductive host for I. wickhami. Moreover, I. wickhami was found infected with 16SrI-B strain maize bushy stunt-Ver while D. elimatus, a well-known maize bushy stunt phytoplasma vector, was found infected with the 16SrI-B strain maize bushy stunt-Pueb.

Commentary: Phyllostomid bat microbiome composition is associated to host phylogeny and feeding strategies

“…Although our knowledge about the bat microbiome is limited, it does provide us with an opportunity to study bats as sentinels of plant pathogens. This opportunity extends to insect-eating bats, since insects such as leafhoppers and planthoppers are known vectors for phytoplasmas (Weintraub and Beanland, 2006 ; Pérez-López et al, 2018 ).…”