Detection of multimycotoxins in camel feed and milk samples and their comparison with the levels in cow milk

Zeidan, Randa; Hassan, Zahoor Ul; Al‐Naimi, Noor; Al‐Thani, Roda; Jaoua, Samir

doi:10.1002/fsn3.2677

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Our study indicates that the safety of camel milk is guaranteed in the aspect of AFM1 contamination in China. Similar results were also reported in Jordan [39], Nigeria [40], Qatar [47], and Iran [34], and the monitored samples were both within the EU permissible limit. However, another survey study from Iran states that 28.6% of camel milk contaminated with AFM1 was in excess of the maximum value specified in the EU limit [48].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Cow, Goat, Buffalo, Camel, and Yak Milk in China in 2016

Zheng

et al. 2022

Toxins

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In this present study, 195 cow milk, 100 goat milk, 50 buffalo milk, 50 camel milk, and 50 yak milk samples were collected in China in May and October 2016. The presence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. For all cow milk samples, 128 samples (65.7%) contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.191 µg/L, and 6 samples (3.1%) from Sichuan province in October were contaminated with AFM1 above 0.05 µg/L (EU limit). For all goat milk samples, 76.0% of samples contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.135 µg/L, and 9 samples (9.0%) from Shanxi province in October were contaminated with AFM1 above 0.05 µg/L. For all buffalo milk samples, 24 samples (48.0%) contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.089 µg/L, and 2 samples collected in October were contaminated with AFM1 above 0.05 µg/L. Furthermore, 28.0% of samples contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.007 µg/L in camel milk samples, and 18.0% of samples contained AFM1 in concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.007 µg/L in yak milk samples. Our survey study has expanded the current knowledge of the occurrence of AFM1 in milk from five dairy species in China, in particular the minor dairy species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Cow, Goat, Buffalo, Camel, and Yak Milk in China in 2016

Zheng

et al. 2022

Toxins

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“…Although ten times less toxic than AFB 1 , AFM 1 is also classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as group 2B carcinogen, a possible carcinogen to humans (Logrieco et al, 2018). AFM 1 is the only mycotoxin that is considered in milk regulations, with tolerance limits ranging from 0.05 µg/kg by the EU, to 0.5 µg/kg by the FDA (Zeidan et al, 2022). Around 0.5−6% AFB 1 is converted to AFM 1 , and its presence in animal products is a public health hazard, especially for children and babies, since milk is a major constituent of their diets (Ceniti et al, 2021;Daou et al, 2022).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Conserved Grass and Legume Forages – A Systematic Review

Aranega

Oliveira

2024

Annals of Animal Science

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Conserved forages are important feed for livestock and equine all over the world. However, contamination with mycotoxins may occur, leading to health issues to the animals and to humans that consume products of animal origin. As information on the occurrence of mycotoxins in conserved grass and legume forages is scarce, a review of the literature published between January 1992 and July 2022 was performed to assess the worldwide occurrence and levels of mycotoxins in hay, haylage, and silage. Zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), and aflatoxins (AFs) were the most common mycotoxins found in conserved forage in North America, Africa, and the Middle East, with ZEN and AFs in levels above the maximum levels determined in European Union (EU) regulations for animal feed. Ochratoxin A (OTA) was detected in high levels in conserved forages in Europe. Although other mycotoxins were found, they were detected in lower frequencies and levels. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins was identified in more than half of the studies analyzed. There were few studies carried out in Asia, Middle East, Oceania, and not information was available on Central and South America, reinforcing the need of studies on the issue in these regions.

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“…To date, food regulatory authorities around the globe have not set permissible limits for the ZEN, and DON in any milk [ 33 ]. The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain derived a Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for ZEN of 0.25 µg/kg-bw based on a NOEL of 10 µg/kg-bw per day for estrogenic effects in female pigs with an uncertainty factor of 40 [ 2 , 34 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal follow-up of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol mycotoxins in breast milk in the first five months of life

Güneş

Yalçın

2023

BMC Pharmacol Toxicol

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Objectives There is a possibility for exposed lactating mammalians to transfer some contaminants to their milk. This study aimed to determine the levels and changes of Zearalenone (ZEN), Deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxins for the first five months in human milk. Methods Voluntary lactating mothers having infants with gestational length ≥ 37 weeks were enrolled between August 2017 and June 2018 in Şanlıurfa. Mothers and infants with chronic health problems were not included in the study. Human milk samples were taken at three different times; on enrollment (Day 6–10, visit 1), between 4 and 6 weeks postpartum (visit 2), and between 14 and 19 weeks postpartum (visit 3). Mycotoxin levels in human milk were measured utilizing Helica brand commercial kit. Results Nineteen voluntary mothers and their breastfed infants with three human milk samples completed the study. The mean ages of mothers and infant (± SD) were 27.4 (± 5.4) years and 7.6 (± 0.9) days on enrollment. Median levels of ZEN and DON in human milk samples were 0.39 and 16.7 ng/mL, respectively. None of the cases had a ZEN daily intake higher than 250 ng/kg bw per day. However, three fourth of the cases had DON intake higher than > 1000 ng/kg bw per day. When adjusted for infant weight for age and sex, both ZEN levels and daily intake were decreased progressively from visit 1 to visit 3 (p < 0.001). DON levels and daily intake at visit 2 were found to be significantly lower in samples of visit 3 than that taken in visit 2 (p = 0.004 and p < 0.001, respectively). Conclusions Breast milk monitoring study revealed that ZEN and DON mycotoxins were present in the mother-infant environment. Contamination levels changed during the lactation period.

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Detection of multimycotoxins in camel feed and milk samples and their comparison with the levels in cow milk

Cited by 8 publications

References 31 publications

Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Cow, Goat, Buffalo, Camel, and Yak Milk in China in 2016

Occurrence of Aflatoxin M1 in Cow, Goat, Buffalo, Camel, and Yak Milk in China in 2016

Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Conserved Grass and Legume Forages – A Systematic Review

Longitudinal follow-up of zearalenone and deoxynivalenol mycotoxins in breast milk in the first five months of life

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