Detection of Mutagenic 1-Chloro-3-, -6-, and -8-Nitropyrenes in Surface Soil Collected in Kyoto, Japan

Abstract

Mutagenic 1-chloro-3-nitropyrene (1,3-CNP), 1,6-CNP and 1,8-CNP were detected in surface soil collected in Kyoto, Japan. First, 1,3-, 1,6-and 1,8-CNPs were synthesized by chlorination of 1-nitropyrene. Mutagenic activities obtained by Ames assay using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 under conditions without S9 mix were 1.22 revertants per nmol for 1,3-CNP, 1.14 for 1,6-CNP and 0.83 for 1,8-CNP. Miller's aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) yeast reporter gene assay showed that the three CNPs had no AhR ligand activity. Surface soil was collected in Kyoto, Japan and analyzed for 1,3-, 1,6-and 1,8-CNPs by two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and a zinc on-line catalytic column. 1,3-CNP, 1,6-CNP and 1,8-CNP were detected in the ranges 9.2-13.8, 3.4-4.6 and 4.3-5.0 pg per gram of soil (n = 2), respectively.

Multidimensional High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

“…This design does have a problem, which is related to differences in the retention times of certain components, particularly when loop sizes become large as the sample is forward flushed on one loop and reversed flush on the other loop (46]. Ten-port switching valves with two loops [46,47] and six-port switching valves are also used for comprehensive 2D systems [48]. This allows for continuous collection and reinjection of the first-dimensional eluent.…”