Detection of Neonatal Drug Exposure Using Umbilical Cord Tissue and Liquid Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

Liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry can provide accurate and sensitive detection of in utero drug exposure using umbilical cord tissue.

Bioanalysis for cocaine, opiates, methadone, and amphetamines exposure detection during pregnancy

“…However, few studies about umbilical cord fully describing this matrix to detect in utero drug exposure (predominant analytes and metabolites, concentrations and windows of detection) are available . Recently, Marin et al . developed a screening method of 57 drugs in umbilical cord tissue by liquid‐chromatography time‐of‐flight (TOF) mass spectrometry, and compared paired umbilical cord and meconium samples (n = 7).…”

Trends in the application of high-resolution mass spectrometry for human biomonitoring: An analytical primer to studying the environmental chemical space of the human exposome

“…Since human samples obtained in clinical, exposure and epidemiological studies are usually limited in volume, it is essential to follow an effective sample clean-up procedure. Homogenization is a required pre-extraction step for preparing soft and hard tissues such as breast adipose (Hernández et al, 2009b, Hernandez et al, 2005, Medina et al, 2008), umbilical cord (Marin et al, 2014), meconium (Ristimaa et al, 2010) and teeth (Andra et al, 2015). Protein precipitation of serum (Fan et al, 2014) and urine (McMahen et al, 2015), and enzymatic deconjugation of meconium (Ristimaa et al, 2010) and urine (Wang et al, 2014a) were sometimes included as a clean-up and pre-concentration step, respectively.…”

“…Similarly, Swinton et al (Swinton DJ., 2011) used Oasis HLB and MCX mixed-mode cartridges for extracting nicotine and its metabolites in human urine. A supported LLE with ISOLUTE products was applied for extracting drugs and metabolites from umbilical cord (Marin et al, 2014), while LLE with ethanol, hexane and diethyl ether mixture followed by gel permeation chromatography with a Bio Beads S-X3 column was used for extracting PBDEs in human milk (Kazda et al, 2004). A sequential LLE and SPE protocol was applied for human plasma clean-up for perfluorinated compounds using acetonitrile extraction followed by a C18 concentration (Eom et al, 2014), and urine extraction for aromatics using a water and acid mixture followed by clean-up on an Oasis HLB cartridge (Marchese et al, 2004).…”

“…Table 1 presents studies using LC-TOF MS or LC-QqTOF MS for studying human exposures to a broad spectrum of environmental chemicals (Baduel et al, 2015, Cortejade et al, 2016, Diaz et al, 2012, Andra et al, 2015), and specifically for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Bouchard et al, 2009, Marchese et al, 2004), pesticides/insecticides (Cequier et al, 2014, McMahen et al, 2015, Taira et al, 2013, Yamaguchi et al, 2012), drugs (Chittamma et al, 2013, Pragst et al, 2013, Ristimaa et al, 2010, Marin et al, 2014), polyfluorinated chemicals (Eom et al, 2014, Rotander et al, 2015), environmental tobacco smoke (Swinton DJ., 2011), antibiotics (Wang et al, 2015, Wang et al, 2014a), and personal care products (Wu et al, 2012). GC-TOF MS or GC-QqTOF MS was primarily applied for studying human exposures to persistent organic chemicals (Hernández et al, 2009b, Kazda et al, 2004, Focant et al, 2004, Megson et al, 2015, Fan et al, 2014).…”

“…XIC Manager was used for target compounds identification, while PeakView and Formula Finder software were used for structural confirmation of the unknowns. Other examples of the application of the hybrid “all-in-one” approach for studying broad spectrum environmental chemicals in human matrices are (Baduel et al, 2015), (Marin et al, 2014), (Rotander et al, 2015), (Fan et al, 2014), and (Wang et al, 2014a). The list of confirmed compounds in a targeted mode, and tentatively identified compounds in a suspect screening in these studies are provided in Table 4.…”