“…These methods are being applied by fishery operators or laboratories. Recent techniques including ultraviolet illumination (Adams et al, 1999;Levsen et al, 2005;Marty, 2008), ultrasound (Hafsteinsson et al, 1989;Nilsen et al, 2008), X-rays and conductivity (Nilsen et al, 2008), electromagnetism (Choudhury and Bublitz, 1994), magnetometry ( Jenks et al, 1996), immunological techniques (Xu et al, 2010;Rodríguez-Mahillo et al, 2010), polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based (Zhu et al, 2002;Abe et al, 2005;Pontes et al, 2005), real-time PCR (Herrero et al, 2010;Fang et al, 2011), phage display (Ló pez et al, 2011), real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer (Monis et al, 2005;Intapan et al, 2008), or imaging spectroscopy (Heia et al, 2007) are under continuous improvement processes.…”