Detection of potential chronic kidney disease markers in breath using gas chromatography with mass-spectral detection coupled with thermal desorption method

Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emanating from human exhaled breath can provide deep insight into the status of various biochemical processes in the human body. VOCs can serve as potential biomarkers of physiological and pathophysiological conditions related to several diseases. Breath VOC analysis, a noninvasive and quick biomonitoring approach, also has potential for the early detection and progress monitoring of several diseases. This paper gives an overview of the major VOCs present in human exhaled breath, possible biochemical pathways of breath VOC generation, diagnostic importance of their analysis, and analytical techniques used in the breath test. Breath analysis relating to diabetes mellitus and its characteristic breath biomarkers is focused on. Finally, some challenges and limitations of the breath test are discussed.

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“…are converted to equivalent ppb unit, considering breath temperature at 310° K and following the conversation formula applied in Ref. [212] …”

Section: Origin and Biochemical Pathways Of Major Vocs In Human Exhalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of Exhaled Breath Test in Clinical Diagnosis: A Special Focus on the Detection of Diabetes Mellitus

2016

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“…This is one reason to test the reactive paper spray method of analysing aldehydes with both benchtop and portable mass spectrometers. Breath analysis by mass spectrometry is an area of increasing interest due to its capability for making non-invasive measurements [35][36][37] which can be used to monitor metabolic state and potentially detecting disease biomarkers [38][39][40]. It is in this context that we describe a fast, direct and reactive paper spray approach to determine aldehydes using in-situ derivatization with 4-aminophenol to produce iminium ions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biogenic aldehyde determination by reactive paper spray ionization mass spectrometry

Bag

Hendricks

Reynolds

et al. 2015

Analytica Chimica Acta

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Ionization of aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes is improved by performing simultaneous chemical derivatization using 4-aminophenol to produce charged iminium ions during paper spray ionization.Accelerated reactions occur in the microdroplets generated during the paper spray ionization event for the tested aldehydes (formaldehyde, n-pentanaldehyde, n-nonanaldehyde, n-decanaldehyde, ndodecanaldehyde, benzaldehyde, m-anisaldehyde, and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde). Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of the iminium ions using collision-induced dissociation demonstrated that straight chain aldehydes give a characteristic fragment at m/z 122 (shown to correspond to protonated 4-(methyleneamino)phenol), while the arylaldehydeiminium ions fragment to give a characteristic product ion at m/z 120. These features allow straightforward identification of linear and aromatic aldehydes. Quantitative analysis of n-nonaldehyde using a benchtop mass spectrometer demonstrated a linear response over 3 orders of magnitude from 2.5 ng -5 µg of aldehyde loaded on the filter paper emitter. The limit of detection was determined to be 2.2 ng for this aldehyde. The method had a precision of 22%, relative standard deviation. The experiment was also implemented using a portable ion trap mass spectrometer.3

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“…If systemic compounds are of interest, the sampling should be done in a CO 2 -controlled manner [58,59]. In this way, preferentially alveolar air is sampled, giving rise to higher concentrations of systemic compounds.…”

Section: Ppmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of these compounds are not yet easily measurable. For amines, in particular, one has to take into account interaction with the walls of storage containers or tubing [59,195].…”

Section: Future Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Volatile Malodorous Compounds in Breath: Current Analytical Techniques and Implications in Human Disease

Calenic

Amann

2014

Bioanalysis

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For the last few decades intense scientific research has been placed on the relationship between trace substances found in exhaled breath such as volatile organic compounds (VOC) and a wide range of local or systemic diseases. Although currently there is no general consensus, results imply that VOC have a different profile depending on the organ or disease that generates them. The association between a specific pathology and exhaled breath odor is particularly evident in patients with medical conditions such as liver, renal or oral diseases. In other cases the unpleasant odors can be associated with the whole body and have a genetic underlying cause. The present review describes the current advances in identifying and quantifying VOC used as biomarkers for a number of systemic diseases. A special focus will be placed on volatiles that characterize unpleasant breath 'fingerprints' such as fetor hepaticus; uremic fetor; fetor ex ore or trimethylaminuria.

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Detection of potential chronic kidney disease markers in breath using gas chromatography with mass-spectral detection coupled with thermal desorption method

Cited by 93 publications

References 50 publications

Significance of Exhaled Breath Test in Clinical Diagnosis: A Special Focus on the Detection of Diabetes Mellitus

Significance of Exhaled Breath Test in Clinical Diagnosis: A Special Focus on the Detection of Diabetes Mellitus

Biogenic aldehyde determination by reactive paper spray ionization mass spectrometry

Detection of Volatile Malodorous Compounds in Breath: Current Analytical Techniques and Implications in Human Disease

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