Detection of Right to Left Shunts in Decompression Sickness in Divers

Management of residual shunts after initial percutaneous patent foramen ovale closure: A single center experience with immediate and long‐term follow‐up

“…Percutaneous PFO closure has been used safely and effectively with increased frequency in patients with history of cryptogenic embolism, platypnea/orthodeoxia syndrome, and shunt-mediated hypoxemia [15][16][17][18][19]. Although successful closure is typically the norm, in a minority of patients, incomplete closure may result in persistent residual shunting [20][21][22][23].…”

Lower patent foramen ovale detection with transthoracic echocardiography in atrial fibrillation

“…They occur in approximately 27-35% of people [1,2] and might be risk factors in a variety of conditions such as paradoxical embolism and cryptogenic stroke [3][4][5][6][7], migraines [8][9][10], platypneaorthodeoxia and gas venous-arterial embolism in divers [11][12][13]. Their diagnosis has gained further importance due to the availability of closure options.…”

Percutaneous Transcatheter Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale in Patients With Paradoxical Embolism

“…Frequent forms of presentation of paradoxical embolism include cryptogenic stroke, [1][2][3][4] peripheral embolism, 3,5 brain abscess, 6 and decompression sickness in underwater divers. 4,7,8 Although the underlying mechanism whereby PFO accounts for this phenomenon is unknown, it is thought to involve the passage of emboli from the right-to the left-sided cardiac chambers through the PFO. 9,10 Patients with PFO and paradoxical embolism are at increased risk of recurrent systemic thromboembolic events, ranging from 3.2% to 3.8% per year.…”