Detection of serum antibodies to bovine norovirus in veterinarians and the general population in the Netherlands

Widdowson, Marc‐Alain; Rockx, Barry; Schepp, Rutger M.; Poel, Wim van der; Vinjé, Jan; Duynhoven, Y T van

doi:10.1002/jmv.20333

Cited by 64 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The low value of Spearman's rank correlation indicated a moderate cross-reactivity of antibodies against NoV GIII to NoV GI and GII, but this alone could not explain the observed seroreactivity to bovine VLPs. This is similar to other studies which show limited cross-reactivity between human and bovine NoV strains (14,15,21,34). The differences in the prevalence rates of antibody to the VLPs tested likely indicate different levels of exposure to these viruses, with significant differences in exposure between human genogroups and bovine NoVs.…”

supporting

confidence: 87%

“…Among adults, the prevalence of antibody to bovine norovirus was lower (NoV GIII, 10.7%) than 20% and 26.7%, rates reported in Europe (15,33). The low value of Spearman's rank correlation indicated a moderate cross-reactivity of antibodies against NoV GIII to NoV GI and GII, but this alone could not explain the observed seroreactivity to bovine VLPs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Net absorbance was calculated by subtracting the negativewell OD from the test well OD. The net absorbance for each of the VLPs was plotted by Spearman's rank correlation (r s ) with a 95% significance level to assess the possibility of IgG cross-reactivity by STATA 10.0 (STATA Corp., United States) (15).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exposure to Human and Bovine Noroviruses in a Birth Cohort in Southern India from 2002 to 2006

et al. 2013

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cHuman and bovine norovirus virus-like particles were used to evaluate antibodies in Indian children at ages 6 and 36 months and their mothers. Antibodies to genogroup II viruses were acquired early and were more prevalent than antibodies to genogroup I. Low levels of IgG antibodies against bovine noroviruses indicate possible zoonotic transmission. N oroviruses (NoVs) are nonenveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA viruses, accounting for ϳ50% of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide (1). Seroepidemiological surveys using NoV virus-like particles (VLPs) as antigens show exposure to NoVs across the globe (2-7), with high seroprevalence in children Ͻ5 years of age; seroprevalence can reach 100% in adults (2,8,9). Analyses of bovine strains suggest close relation to human NoV genogroup I (GI) and . Studies from the Netherlands found that 22% of the population had antibodies to bovine NoV, with veterinarians having high frequencies of antibodies (15), raising the possibility of zoonotic transmission (16). In this study, sera from children in a birth cohort and their mothers were used to assess exposure to human and bovine norovirus genogroups in early life and adulthood.The study population was a birth cohort from semiurban slums in Vellore, South India, recruited and monitored from 2002 to 2006, with sample collection as previously described (17)(18)(19). Maternal sera at delivery and sera from children at 6 and 36 months were tested for IgG antibodies against human and bovine viruses. Diarrheal samples from calves were collected from a veterinary clinic and a commercial dairy farm in 2007 and 2008 (20). Written informed consent was obtained from parents of all children; the study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Christian Medical College, Vellore, India.The NoV GIII and NB VLPs were obtained from Linda Saif, Ohio State University (21). Validation assays were carried out prior to use of bovine VLPs using 20 bovine sera from a veterinary clinic. Goat anti-bovine IgG-horseradish peroxidase (IgG-HRP; (Jackson ImmunoResearch Inc., United States) was added, followed by addition of 3,3=,5,5=-tetramethylbenzidine substrate solution. The reaction was stopped with 2 M sulfuric acid after 15 min, and optical density (OD) was measured at 450 nm.Serum IgG was detected using plates coated overnight with 2 g/ml of human and bovine VLPs in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at 4°C, and the plates were blocked using 10% skim milk in PBS. Diluted serum samples were added to uncoated and VLPcoated wells and incubated. Anti-human IgG (Southern Biotech, United States) was added, followed by goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP (human adsorbed; Southern Biotech) and the substrate 2,2=-azino-di(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) solution; the reaction was stopped using 1% SDS solution, and OD was measured at 405 nm.The assays for human and bovine VLPs differed in the standards and controls included on each plate. The GI and GII standard curves were 2-fold dilutions of positive human sera starting at a 1:100 dilution, and the GI...

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confidence: 87%

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confidence: 64%

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Exposure to Human and Bovine Noroviruses in a Birth Cohort in Southern India from 2002 to 2006

et al. 2013

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“…Blood samples were collected and processed as described previously [23]. Briefly, 202 samples from veterinarians were used and a total of 648 samples from the general population were matched by gender, age and geography.…”

Section: Serum Samples and Study Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bayesian estimation of hepatitis E virus seroprevalence for populations with different exposure levels to swine in The Netherlands

et al. 2007

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SUMMARYHepatitis E virus (HEV) is ubiquitous in pigs worldwide and may be zoonotic. Previous HEV seroprevalence estimates for groups of people working with swine were higher than for control groups. However, discordance among results of anti-HEV assays means that true seroprevalence estimates, i.e. seroprevalence due to previous exposure to HEV, depends on choice of seroassay. We tested blood samples from three subpopulations (49 swine veterinarians, 153 non-swine veterinarians and 644 randomly selected individuals from the general population) with one IgM and two IgG ELISAs, and subsets with IgG and/or IgM Western blots. A Bayesian stochastical model was used to combine results of all assays. The model accounted for imperfection of each assay by estimating sensitivity and specificity, and accounted for dependence between serological assays. As expected, discordance among assay results occurred. Applying the model yielded seroprevalence estimates of y11 % for swine veterinarians, y6% for non-swine veterinarians and y2% for the general population. By combining the results of five serological assays in a Bayesian stochastical model we confirmed that exposure to swine or their environment was associated with elevated HEV seroprevalence.

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“…Animal enteric caliciviruses genetically related to human NoVs and SaVs have been detected in pigs and cows [2,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Antibodies to human NoV have been detected in pigs and antibodies to bovine NoV have been detected in humans [22,23]. Porcine NoVs have been detected sporadically and are classified into three distinct genotypes of the genogroup GGII (GGII.11, GGII.18, and GGII.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic heterogeneity of porcine enteric caliciviruses identified from diarrhoeic piglets

et al. 2008

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Enteric caliciviruses (noroviruses and sapoviruses) are responsible for the majority of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans of all age groups. Analysis of the polymerase and capsid genes has provided evidence for a huge genetic diversity, but the understanding of their ecology is limited. In this study, we investigated the presence of porcine enteric caliciviruses in the faeces of piglets with diarrhoea. A total of 209 samples from 118 herds were analyszd and calicivirus RNA was detected by RT-PCR in 68 sample (32.5%) and in 46 herds (38.9%), alone or in mixed infection with group A and C rotaviruses. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the calicivirus-positive samples characterized the majority as genogroup III (GGIII) sapoviruses. Unclassified caliciviruses, distantly related to the representatives of the other sapovirus genogroups, were identified in five herds, while one outbreak was associated with a porcine sapovirus related genetically to human GGII and GGIV sapovirus strains. By converse, norovirus strains were not detected. Altogether, these data suggest the epidemiological relevance of porcine enteric caliciviruses and suggest a role in the etiology of piglets diarrhoea.

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Detection of serum antibodies to bovine norovirus in veterinarians and the general population in the Netherlands

Cited by 64 publications

References 35 publications

Exposure to Human and Bovine Noroviruses in a Birth Cohort in Southern India from 2002 to 2006

Exposure to Human and Bovine Noroviruses in a Birth Cohort in Southern India from 2002 to 2006

Bayesian estimation of hepatitis E virus seroprevalence for populations with different exposure levels to swine in The Netherlands

Genetic heterogeneity of porcine enteric caliciviruses identified from diarrhoeic piglets

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