Endometriosis is a painful condition characterized by growth of endometrial cysts outside the uterus. Here, we tested the hypothesis that peripheral innervation and prostaglandin levels contribute to endometriosis-associated pain. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n=16) were surgically instrumented by transplanting uterine tissue onto mesenteric arteries within the pelvic cavity to create a model of endometriosis which forms extra-uterine endometrial cysts and vaginal hyperalgesia. Our results describe a significant positive correlation between endometriosis-induced vaginal hyperalgesia and cyst innervation density (sensory, r =0.70, p =0.003; sympathetic, r =0.55, p = 0.03), vaginal canal sympathetic innervation density (r =0.80, p =0.003), and peritoneal fluid levels of the prostaglandins PGE2 (r =0.65, p =0.01) and PGF2α (r =0.63, p =0.02). These results support the involvement of cyst innervation and prostaglandins in endometriosis-associated pain. We also describe how sympathetic innervation density of the vaginal canal is an important predictor of vaginal hyperalgesia.