Detection of the prototype of a potential novel genus in the family Papillomaviridae in association with canine epidermodysplasia verruciformis

Abstract

Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV) is a rare human genetic predisposition to develop flat warts, some of which subsequently undergo cancer transformation. Some human papillomaviruses (HPVs), i.e. HPV 5 and 8, have been associated with cancer development as a sequela of EV. As similar diseases have been observed in dogs, it was hypothesized that unknown canine papillomaviruses (CPVs) may exist and that they may be present in cases of canine EV. Consequently, DNA was extracted from a malignant lesion of a dog with EV and circular DNA was amplified by multiple-primed rolling-circle amplification (RCA). Indeed, sequence determination and analysis of the RCA-amplified and cloned DNA from a malignant canine EV lesion resulted in the detection and primary description of a third CPV (CPV3). Typical papillomavirus genes were identified, with deduced amino acid similarities ranging from 20 to 57 % for E1, E2, E6, E7, L1 and L2, respectively. According to the sequence of the L1 gene, which is used for papillomavirus classification, the new isolate meets the majority of criteria needed to declare detection of a novel genus among the papillomaviruses. Thus, CPV3 may represent the prototype of this novel genus. As the novel virus was found in a dog in association with lesions reminiscent of human EV, it should be interesting to test in the future whether this condition can be reproduced in experimental animals. If such were the case, a new model for EV could be established.

Three novel canine papillomaviruses support taxonomic clade formation

“…This finding nevertheless further supports the hypothesis that animals, like humans, harbour their own set of PVs, which group into different genera that have different characteristics. This hypothesis Three novel canine papillomaviruses previously arose from the discovery of several BPVs (Campo et al, 1981;Jarrett et al, 1984;Claus et al, 2008;Hatama et al, 2008;Ogawa et al, 2007;Tomita et al, 2007) and recently from the discovery of some CPVs (Tobler et al, 2006(Tobler et al, , 2008Yuan et al, 2007). The clade including CPV3, CPV4 and CPV5 as well as the clade including CPV2 and CPV7 should consequently be regarded as genera even though they might temporarily remain unnamed.…”

“…A total of four virus genomes obtained from dogs have been published to date (Delius et al, 1994;Tobler et al, 2006Tobler et al, , 2008Yuan et al, 2007). These seem to belong to three different clades of which only one (lambda-PV) has been named.…”

Detection of Antibodies against Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis-Associated Canine Papillomavirus 3 in Sera of Dogs from Europe and Africa by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

“…A distinct CPV, designated CPV2, was cloned only recently from a footpad lesion of a golden retriever (46). CPV2 did not induce oral papillomas in immunocompetent animals and caused a type-specific immune response in experimentally inoculated dogs (7,42,43,46). The clinical significance of CPV2 remains to be elucidated.…”

“…Until now, only four canine PVs (CPVs) have been unambiguously identified and sequenced (7,42,43,46). The first and best-known CPV, canine oral PV (COPV), affects mostly juvenile dogs and causes warts with a typical cauliflower-like appearance located in the oral cavity and other mucous membranes (32).…”

Entire Genomic Sequence of Novel Canine Papillomavirus Type 13

“…A dozen complete and a few partial canine papillomavirus (CPV) sequences have been published and linked to various neoplasias. Thus far, all CPVs were allocated to three different papillomavirus genera, i.e., Lambda, Tau, or Chi (1,2,(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14).…”