Detection of trihalomethane (chloroform) in drinking water in Baghdad city

Abstract

This study designed to determine the chloroform concentration in drinking water in Baghdad city. Thechloroform concentration specified into drinking wter into four portions per a week along two weeks in eachmonth for three months of this study (August, October and December) , 2008 each portion has two samples,so the total number be 48 drinking water samples (sixteen samples per month as an equal portions for eachproject and district).Four projects of water supply filtration stations were selected in Baghdad city, two of them were in Kerkhside (include Qadissia water supply project and Al-karama water supply project). The other two projects inthe Rusafa side, include Al-wahda and Al-Wathba water supply projects. In addition to the citizen districthouses as Al-Qadissia, Al-Otayfia, Al-Karrada and Bab Al-Muathem respectively.The chloroform concentration was determined by the use of the Gas Chromatographic (GC) in thelaboratories of the general technology state for water treatment which belongs to the Ministries of Scienceand Technology.The results revealed the concentration of drinking water in Baghdad city by chloroform, comparison ofthese results between each others revealed that the citizen district houses gave high average of chloroformconcentration than the projects along the period of this study.According to the statistical data analysis it was found that the results in August were the highest andsignificantly transcend (p < 0.05) than the results reported in October and December in all the drinkingwater project and citizen district.On other hand it was noticed that the Wathba project and Bab Al-Muathemdistrict houses significantly transcend (p < 0.05) than other water drinking projects and citizen districtsin theaverage mean along all month of study.In addition, the statistical data analysis found out a strong forward relation ship between the decreasechloroform concentration and decrease of temperature degrees whenever going to the cold season of theyear, in all the water drinking project and citizen district.

The association between zinc and prostate cancer development: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…Twelve studies were conducted in the United States [ 19 – 21 , 24 , 26 , 66 , 72 – 75 , 80 , 84 ], nine in Nigeria [ 57 , 59 , 68 , 76 – 78 , 83 , 88 , 94 ], five in Turkey [ 58 , 70 , 79 , 85 , 89 ], four in China [ 91 – 93 , 96 ], three in India [ 61 , 65 , 69 ], two in Saudi Arabia [ 82 , 95 ], two in Russia [ 86 , 87 ], two in Germany [ 62 , 63 ], one study in each other countries, such as Poland [ 60 ], Venezuela [ 90 ], Spain [ 67 ], Sudan [ 99 ], Singapore [ 102 ], Iraq [ 100 ], Serbia [ 97 ], United Kingdom [ 98 ], Iran [ 101 ], Malaysia [ 71 ], Italy [ 64 ], Sweden [ 22 ], and Pakistan [ 81 ]. The follow-up duration of cohort studies ranged from seven to about 28 years [ 20 , 26 , 66 ,…”

“…The follow-up duration of cohort studies ranged from seven to about 28 years [ 20 , 26 , 66 , 74 ]. In 36 studies, prostate cancer was confirmed by a histopathological examination [ 19 , 20 , 22 , 24 , 26 , 57 – 59 , 61 – 64 , 67 – 69 , 71 – 74 , 76 – 78 , 80 , 82 – 89 , 92 , 97 , 100 – 102 ]; in two studies it was confirmed by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test [ 81 , 94 ], and in one study it was confirmed by clinical data and current international clinical staging method [ 93 ]. In other 13 studies, prostate cancer diagnosis method was not described [ 21 , 60 , 65 , 66 , 70 , 75 , 79 , 90 , 91 , 95 , 96 , 98 , 99 ] ( Table 1 and S2 Table ).…”

“…The mean quality assessment score in case-control studies was 4.61 which ranged from one to eight. Out of 44 case-control studies, one had an overall score of one [ 94 ], four had an overall score of two [ 75 , 90 , 91 , 98 ], eight had an overall score of three [ 58 , 61 , 62 , 65 , 70 , 73 , 99 , 100 ], seven had an overall score of four [ 60 , 63 , 69 , 77 , 85 , 87 , 88 ], seven had an overall score of five [ 22 , 57 , 59 , 64 , 78 , 79 , 84 ], thirteen had an overall score of six [ 24 , 67 , 71 , 72 , 76 , 81 , 82 , 86 , 92 , 95 , 97 , 101 , 102 ], three had an overall score of seven [ 19 , 21 , 89 ], and one had an overall score of eight [ 80 ]. The selection of control and non-response rates had the lowest score ( S3 Table ).…”

“…Overall, 35 studies were included in the full-text review [19,21,22,26,. Moreover, 16 studies were found through backward [20,24,[88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98] and forward citation searching [99][100][101], and one study from searching Google Scholar [102]. Finally, 52 articles were included in this systematic review, of which forty-four were case-controls [19, 21, 22, 24, 57-65, 67, 69-73, 75-82, 84-92, 94, 95, 97-102], four were cohorts [20,26,66,74], and four were analytical cross-sectional studies [68,83,93,96].…”

Concentration of lead, cadmium and mercury in the blood of human and sheep in the different governorate of Iraq

“…[20]. [21] revealed that the free chlorine in drinking water was below the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the period from July up to the end of August 2007. Some variables that affect drinking water, such as the amount of free chlorine, temperature, pH, and the oxidation-reduction potential of water on the sanitising efficiency of chlorine, have been studied and found to follow the same trend as [22].…”