Detection of viruses in used ventilation filters from two large public buildings

Goyal, Sagar M.; Anantharaman, Senthilvelan; Ramakrishnan, Muthannan Andavar; Suchitra, S.; Kim, Seung Won; Stanley, Nicholas; Farnsworth, James; Kuehn, Thomas H.; Raynor, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2010.10.036

Cited by 50 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…We used Influenza A virus (RNA virus, Orthomyxovirus, Influenzavirus A) and Adenovirus (DNA virus, Adenoviridae, Human adenovirus type 2) as model viruses in the cell culture virus inactivation assays because these viruses can be transmitted in aerosols that may form during tissue handling, 14,15 and they are known to remain active for hours to days outside the host environment. 3 Human cytomegalovirus (DNA virus, Herpesvirales, Herpesviridae, Cytomegalovirus) was chosen because of its overall prevalence in nearly 60% of the population in the U.S. 16 It has the ability to infect a variety of human cell types such as fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, and cells of the bone marrow.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation ofInfluenza A virus,Adenovirus,andCytomegaloviruswith PAXgene Tissue Fixative and Formalin

Kap

Arron²,

Loibner³

et al. 2013

Biopreservation and Biobanking

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Formalin fixation is known to inactivate most viruses in a vaccine production context, but nothing is published about virus activity in tissues treated with alternative, non-crosslinking fixatives. We used a model assay based on cell culture to test formalin and PAXgene Tissue fixative for their virus-inactivating abilities. MDCK, A549, and MRC-5 cells were infected with Influenza A virus, Adenovirus, and Cytomegalovirus, respectively. When 75% of the cells showed a cytopathic effect (CPE), the cells were harvested and incubated for 15 min, or 1, 3, 6, or 24 hours, with PBS (positive control), 4% formalin, or PAXgene Tissue Fix. The cells were disrupted and the released virus was used to infect fresh MDCK, A549, and MRC-5 cells cultured on cover slips in 24-well plates. The viral cultures were monitored for CPE and by immunocytochemistry (ICC) to record viral replication and infectivity. Inactivation of Adenovirus by formalin occurred after 3 h, while Influenza A virus as well as Cytomegalovirus were inactivated by formalin after 15 min. All three virus strains were inactivated by PAXgene Tissue fixative after 15 min. We conclude that PAXgene Tissue fixative is at least as effective as formalin in inactivating infectivity of Influenza A virus, Adenovirus, and Cytomegalovirus.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation ofInfluenza A virus,Adenovirus,andCytomegaloviruswith PAXgene Tissue Fixative and Formalin

Kap

Arron²,

Loibner³

et al. 2013

Biopreservation and Biobanking

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“…To investigate the retail microbiome, we used HVAC filters as samplers. The use of HVAC filter dust as a sample of indoor air has been successfully employed in previous studies (Goyal et al., ; Noris et al., ) and can be paired with a molecular technique such as pyrosequencing to provide both survey depth and a long‐term integrated sample of the indoor environment. Pyrosequencing has been demonstrated to be statistically accurate in phylogenetic comparisons (Liu et al., ), taxa identification (Liu et al., ), and taxa coverage (Porazinska et al., ; Sogin et al., ) and has been used in several recent investigations of the indoor microbiome (Hewitt et al., ; Hospodsky et al., ; Meadow et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing the bacterial communities in retail stores in the United States

et al. 2015

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The microorganisms present in retail environments have not been studied in detail despite the fact that these environments represent a potentially important location for exposure. In this study, HVAC filter dust samples in 13 US retail stores were collected and analyzed via pyrosequencing to characterize the indoor bacterial communities and to explore potential relationships between these communities and building and environmental parameters. Although retail stores contained a diverse bacterial community of 788 unique genera, over half of the nearly 118K sequences were attributed to the Proteobacteria phylum. Streptophyta, Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter were the most prevalent genera detected. The recovered indoor airborne microbial community was statistically associated with both human oral and skin microbiota, indicating occupants are important contributors, despite a relatively low occupant density per unit volume in retail stores. Bacteria generally associated with outdoor environments were present in the indoor communities with no obvious association with air exchange rate, even when considering relative abundance. No significant association was observed between the indoor bacterial community recovered and store location, store type, or season. However, predictive functional gene profiling showed significant associations between the indoor community and season. The microbiome recovered from multiple samples collected months apart from the same building varied significantly indicating that caution is warranted when trying to characterize the bacterial community with a single sampling event.

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“…Effective ventilation and controlled airflow patterns within wards alongside improvements in hygiene and operational procedures are arguably the strongest defence against high concentrations of airborne microbial contamination. 4,112,130,131 These hospital-based bioaerosol investigations highlight many of the issues facing the bioaerosol researcher. The methodologies applied differ between research teams.…”

Section: Healthcare-specific Field Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioaerosol sampling: sampling mechanisms, bioefficiency and field studies

Haig

Mackay

Walker

et al. 2016

Journal of Hospital Infection

169

136

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Investigations into the suspected airborne transmission of pathogens in healthcare environments have posed a challenge to researchers for more than a century. With each pathogen demonstrating a unique response to environmental conditions and the mechanical stresses it experiences, the choice of sampling device is not obvious. Our aim was to review bioaerosol sampling, sampling equipment, and methodology. A comprehensive literature search was performed, using electronic databases to retrieve English language papers on bioaerosol sampling. The review describes the mechanisms of popular bioaerosol sampling devices such as impingers, cyclones, impactors, and filters, explaining both their strengths and weaknesses, and the consequences for microbial bioefficiency. Numerous successful studies are described that point to best practice in bioaerosol sampling, from the use of small personal samplers to monitor workers' pathogen exposure through to large static samplers collecting airborne microbes in various healthcare settings. Of primary importance is the requirement that studies should commence by determining the bioefficiency of the chosen sampler and the pathogen under investigation within laboratory conditions. From such foundations, sampling for bioaerosol material in the complexity of the field holds greater certainty of successful capture of low-concentration airborne pathogens. From the laboratory to use in the field, this review enables the investigator to make informed decisions about the choice of bioaerosol sampler and its application.

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Detection of viruses in used ventilation filters from two large public buildings

Cited by 50 publications

References 44 publications

Inactivation ofInfluenza A virus,Adenovirus,andCytomegaloviruswith PAXgene Tissue Fixative and Formalin

Inactivation ofInfluenza A virus,Adenovirus,andCytomegaloviruswith PAXgene Tissue Fixative and Formalin

Characterizing the bacterial communities in retail stores in the United States

Bioaerosol sampling: sampling mechanisms, bioefficiency and field studies

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