Detection thresholds in car following situations and peripheral vision: implications for positioning of visually demanding in-car displays

Lamble, Dave; Laakso, Matti; Summala, Heikki

doi:10.1080/001401399185306

Cited by 137 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Under controlled circumstances, with expected looming stimuli, one typically finds this threshold to be around 0.003 rad/s (Lamble et al, 1999), but it has been suggested that, for unexpected collision threats in naturalistic conditions, it might rise as high as 0.02 or 0.03 rad/s (Maddox and Kiefer, 2012), similar to the 0.02 rad/s cut-off observed here. Whether one prefers to think of this cut-off as a detection threshold, at which drivers start perceiving the threat, or a response threshold, at which they start responding to it, comes down to how one thinks about the underlying psychological and biological mechanisms.…”

Section: Deceleration Timing From Looming Thresholds?mentioning

confidence: 56%

“…Beyond evidence accumulation, another mechanism that could be invoked to help explain the very fast brake responses in eyes-off-threat situations, is the perception of looming in the visual periphery (Lamble et al, 1999). Such looming perception could allow drivers to initiate evidence accumulation and foot movements even before shifting eye gaze to the road ahead.…”

Section: Deceleration Timing From Accumulation Of Looming Evidence?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lamble et al, 1999;Maddox and Kiefer, 2012), or (2) the quantity , with being the longitudinal speed of the own vehicle (cf. Kiefer et al, 2003Kiefer et al, , 2005Fajen, 2005Fajen, , 2008Treiber and Kesting, 2013;Kusano et al, 2015).…”

Section: Analyses Of Kinematics-dependencementioning

confidence: 99%

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A farewell to brake reaction times? Kinematics-dependent brake response in naturalistic rear-end emergencies

Markkula

Engström

Lodin

et al. 2016

Accident Analysis & Prevention

129

106

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ReuseUnless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version -refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher's website. TakedownIf you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing eprints@whiterose.ac.uk including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request.Note: This is a freely distributable postprint, which does not reflect final copyediting and typesetting of the published article, to be cited as: Markkula, G., Engström, J., Lodin, J., Bärgman, J., Victor, T., 2016. A farewell to brake reaction times? Kinematics-dependent brake response in naturalistic rear-end emergencies. Accident Analysis & Prevention, xx(x), xxxx-xxxx. Abstract: Driver braking behavior was analyzed using time-series recordings from naturalistic rear-end conflicts (116 crashes and 241 near-crashes), including events with and without visual distraction among drivers of cars, heavy trucks, and buses. A simple piecewise linear model could be successfully fitted, per event, to the observed driver decelerations, allowing a detailed elucidation of when drivers initiated braking and how they controlled it. Most notably, it was found that, across vehicle types, driver braking behavior was strongly dependent on the urgency of the given rear-end scenario's kinematics, quantified in terms of visual looming of the lead vehicle on the driver's retina. In contrast with previous suggestions of brake reaction times (BRTs) of 1.5 s or more after onset of an unexpected hazard (e.g., brake light onset), it was found here that braking could be described as typically starting less than a second after the kinematic urgency reached certain threshold levels, with even faster reactions at higher urgencies. The rate at which drivers then increased their deceleration (towards a maximum) was also highly dependent on urgency. Probability distributions are provided that quantitatively capture these various patterns of kinematics-dependent behavioral response. Possible underlying mechanisms are suggested, including looming response thresholds and neural evidence accumulation. These accounts argue that a naturalistic braking response should not be thought of as a slow reaction to some single, researcher-defined "hazard onset", but instead as a relatively fast response to the visual looming cues that build up later on in the evolving traffic scenario.

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Section: Deceleration Timing From Looming Thresholds?mentioning

confidence: 56%

Section: Deceleration Timing From Accumulation Of Looming Evidence?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A farewell to brake reaction times? Kinematics-dependent brake response in naturalistic rear-end emergencies

Markkula

Engström

Lodin

et al. 2016

Accident Analysis & Prevention

129

106

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show abstract

“…Not surprisingly, drivers' ability to keep the car in the lane and respond to braking lead vehicles diminishes when they look away from the road (Lamble, Laakso, & Summala, 1999;Senders, Kristofferson, Levison, Dietrich, & Ward, 1967). Even when the infotainment interaction does not involve looking away from the road, as in a conversation with a handsfree cell phone, it increases the reaction time to events such as a braking lead vehicle by approximately 300 ms (Alm & Nilsson, 1994, 1995Horrey & Wickens, 2006).…”

Section: Resource Competition and Conflicts In Vehicle Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technology and teen drivers

Lee

2007

Journal of Safety Research

195

103

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The rapid evolution of computing, communication, and sensor technology is likely to affect young drivers more than others. The distraction potential of infotainment technology stresses the same vulnerabilities that already lead young drivers to crash more frequently than other drivers. Cell phones, text messaging, MP3 players, and other nomadic devices all present a threat because young drivers may lack the spare attentional capacity for vehicle control and the ability to anticipate and manage hazards. Moreover, young drivers are likely to be the first and most aggressive users of new technology. Fortunately, emerging technology can also support safe driving. Electronic stability control, collision avoidance systems, intelligent speed adaptation, and vehicle tracking systems can all help mitigate the threats to young drivers. However, technology alone is unlikely to make young drivers safer. One promising approach to tailoring technology to teen drivers is to extend proven methods for enhancing young driver safety. The success of graduated drivers license programs (GDL) and the impressive safety benefit of supervised driving suggest ways of tailoring technology to the needs of young drivers. To anticipate the effects of technology on teen driving it may be useful to draw an analogy between the effects of passengers and the effects of technology. Technology can act as a teen passenger and undermine safety or it can act as an adult passenger and enhance safety. Impact on industry: Rapidly developing technology may have particularly large effects on teen drivers. To maximize the positive effects and minimize the negative effects will require a broad range of industries to work together. Ideally, vehicle manufacturers would work with infotainment providers, insurance companies, and policy makers to craft new technologies so that they accommodate the needs of young drivers. Without such collaboration young drivers will face even greater challenges to their safety as new technologies emerge. © 2007 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Keywords: Distraction; young drivers; novice drivers; collision avoidance; graduated licensing Emerging technology represents a mixed blessing for drivers, particularly young drivers. Young drivers are overrepresented in car crashes and emerging technology has the potential to both exacerbate and mitigate that tendency. New infotainment technologies, such as cell phones, text messaging, and MP3 players have the potential to aggravate the factors that place young drivers at risk in the first place. At the same time, emerging technologies that support the driver, such as electronic stability control, collision warning systems, and intelligent speed adaptation can enhance driving safety and may even mitigate the risks posed by infotainment distractions. Young drivers may benefit most from the new safety systems, but they are also most vulnerable to poorly implemented technology McKnight & McKnight, 1993). Properly tuned to the needs of young drivers, technol...

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“…In this particularly case, previous researchers used time to accident (Lamble, et al, 1999;Malkhamah, et al, 2005), deceleration rate (Malkhamah et al, 2005) and safety factor, i.e. the ratio of sight distance to stopping distance (Smith, et al, 2013) as risk indicator.…”

Section: At the Evaluation Stagementioning

confidence: 99%

Pengembangan Metode Pengelolaan Risiko Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas

Gaspar¹,

Malkhamah²,

Suparma³

2016

warlit

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The lack of resource capacity is proved to be a barrier to the accident risk management measures. However, previous studies show that most of causes (risk factor) and risk trigger were still analyzed separately while an integrated risk management scheme is very limited. The aim of this study is to develop integrated traffic accident risk management method (scheme). It is developed based on the result of investigation toward the substance of current accident risk management pattern. It was found that 1) the variables coverage in risk analysis process should accomodate not only risk factor but also risk triggers and their descriptive variables 2) to minimise the uncertainty in risk analysis method, the election of the periodical time, duration and location of the survey should be in accordance with the contextual needs 3) it is required to develop appropriate scheme of accident risk management by integrating all related variables suite to local conditions comprehensively and proportionally. In addition, stopping sight distance model is recommended to being used in accident risk analysis. Keywords: accident risk management pattern, integrated approach, risk management scheme, uncertainty risk ABSTRAK

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Detection thresholds in car following situations and peripheral vision: implications for positioning of visually demanding in-car displays

Cited by 137 publications

References 15 publications

A farewell to brake reaction times? Kinematics-dependent brake response in naturalistic rear-end emergencies

A farewell to brake reaction times? Kinematics-dependent brake response in naturalistic rear-end emergencies

Technology and teen drivers

Pengembangan Metode Pengelolaan Risiko Kecelakaan Lalu Lintas

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