Deteriorating Water Distribution Systems Affect Public Health

Renwick, Deborah Vacs; Rotert, Kenneth

doi:10.1002/opfl.1246

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…Increasingly, water crises are occurring in aging and under-maintained centralized, distributed water systems both domestically and internationally − and emphasize the need for water users to have access to and agency in local decision-making. This community–utility communication and engagement process should be based on frequent and accurate information about the quality of the water that consumers purchase and use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Automated Toolchain for Camera-Enabled Sensing of Drinking Water Chlorine Residual

et al. 2022

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Chlorine residual concentration is an important parameter to prevent pathogen growth in drinking water. Disposable color changing test strips that measure chlorine in tap water are commercially available to the public; however, the color changes are difficult to read by eye, and the data are not captured for water service providers. Here we present an automated toolchain designed to process digital images of free chlorine residual test strips taken with mobile phone cameras. The toolchain crops the image using image processing algorithms that isolate the areas relevant for analysis and automatically white balances the image to allow for use with different phones and lighting conditions. The average red, green, and blue (RGB) color values of the image are used to predict a free chlorine concentration that is classified into three concentration tiers (<0.2 mg/L, 0.2−0.5 mg/L, or >0.5 mg/L), which can be reported to water users and recorded for utility use. The proposed approach was applied to three different phone types under three different lighting conditions using a standard background. This approach can discriminate between concentrations above and below 0.5 mg/L with an accuracy of 90% and 94% for training and testing data sets, respectively. Furthermore, it can discriminate between concentrations of <0.2 mg/L, 0.2−0.5 mg/L, or >0.5 mg/L with weighted-averaged F1 scores of 79% and 88% for training and testing data sets, respectively. This tool sets the stage for tap water consumers and water utilities to gather frequent measurements and high-resolution temporal and spatial data on drinking water quality.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Automated Toolchain for Camera-Enabled Sensing of Drinking Water Chlorine Residual

et al. 2022

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Evaluating water security in sub‐Saharan Africa: Examining a case study of water supply inventory, accessibility, and predictability on Iwo, Nigeria

Ogunbode,

Oyebamiji,

Akinkuolie

et al. 2024

World Water Policy

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The security of nations concerning water accessibility by 2030 is under threat due to climate change, potentially hindering global targets outlined in SDG 6. This study assesses the water security of the sub‐Saharan region, focusing on Iwo, Nigeria. Surveys on household water sources, availability, and use were conducted across 12 months among 937 households. Climatic data spanning 31 years (1992–2022) from the Nigeria Meteorological Agency were analyzed for water supply evaluation. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were applied to the datasets. Results revealed a predominant 95% involvement of female heads and individuals above 18 years old. Notably, 92.7% spent less than 10 min obtaining water, with 90.5% not paying water tariffs, indicating a predominantly domestic water use pattern, reflecting the agrarian nature of the study area. Analysis of climatic data highlighted water loss during dry season months and previously rainy months (March, April, and August), confirming climate change manifestations. Household water use consistently exceeded supply, ranging from 348.9 to 444.6 L/month, with a per capita value of 148.6 L (4.95 L/day) falling below the WHO recommendation of 10 to 20 L/day. Regression analysis identified three significant predictive models at p < .005, with Model 3 showing a notable predictability (R value of 42.3 at p < .005 and SE of ±79.05941), and it encompasses more of the variables analyzed. The generally low R value suggests the consideration of additional variables for model validity. Urgent and intentional efforts are required to exploit abundant surface water resources for enhanced justice in water accessibility in aligning with the SDG 6 target.

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Asset Utilisation Stage

Amadi-Echendu

2021

Managing Engineered Assets

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Deteriorating Water Distribution Systems Affect Public Health

Abstract: Distribution system infrastructure issues can affect water reliability and quality and could contribute to waterborne disease outbreaks. It's important to know potential contamination mechanisms and consider rehab and replacement options.

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

An Automated Toolchain for Camera-Enabled Sensing of Drinking Water Chlorine Residual

An Automated Toolchain for Camera-Enabled Sensing of Drinking Water Chlorine Residual

Evaluating water security in sub‐Saharan Africa: Examining a case study of water supply inventory, accessibility, and predictability on Iwo, Nigeria

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