Deterioration of Architectural Structures and Monuments

Gauri, K. Lal

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-3060-8_7

Cited by 11 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…If gypsum (CaSOij.2H20) or epsomite (MgSO/|.6H20) form, the new mineral can cause severe mechanical damage by expansion, which furthers weathering of stone. Winkler (1966); Winkler (1973); Fassini, Lazzarini, and Biscontin (1976); Frediani, Malesani, and Vanucci (1976); Hoke (1976); Hoffman, Schimmelwitz, and Rooss (1976); Efes and Luckat (1976); Longinelli and Bartelloni (1978);and Gauri (1980) examined many examples of gypsum formation as crusts on calcareous building stones. Winkler U-966) was chiefly concerned with the effects of SOX dissolved in water, while Fassina, Lazzarini, and Biscontin (1976) observed that particulates were higher than rain in S0^= and that most crusts on Venetian marble were gypsum.…”

Section: Weathering Of Building Stonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two studies (Winkler, 1973;and Gauri, 1980) mention the use of Shore hardness measurements to study weathering rinds that are often only a few millimeters thick. The test measures the rebound of a small hammer after -12 -impact with the test surface.…”

Section: Weathering Of Building Stonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A fairly extensive literature exists on the weathering of building stones, and since the reactions that cause weathering of stones by man-made agents are often similar to those associated with brick masonry, as Gauri (1980) points out, these studies are pertinent to our background investigation. Hydration, carbonation, and sulfation are very common reactions.…”

Section: Weathering Of Building Stonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Using isotopic methods to discriminate source ions causing stone corrosion in Venice, Longinelli and Battelloni (1978) were able to trace the sulfate in stone crusts to man-made SOX rather than to local sea spray. In an extensive review article, Gauri (1980) illustrated the complex factors that cause decay of limestone and marble and the unexpected result that stone protected from rain is usually weathered more severely than rain-washed areas of a structure. Although he and Winkler (1966) found solution weathering of exposed stone in the Midwest to amount to a millimeter or two in 50 to 70 years, exfoliation of gypsum crusts in protected environments is shown to result in much faster weathering.…”

Section: Weathering Of Building Stonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Winkler (1966) noted the acid character of many organisms that extract nutrients from surrounding rocks. The reactions he discusses are essentially acid exchange reactions, although oxidation-reduction reactions are also promoted by some microorganisms.Two studies (Winkler, 1973;and Gauri, 1980) mention the use of Shore hardness measurements to study weathering rinds that are often only a few millimeters thick. The test measures the rebound of a small hammer after -12 -impact with the test surface.…”

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The weathering of brick; causes, assessment and measurement

Hughes¹,

Bargh²

1982

Open-File Report

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The composition and processing of raw materials can effect both short-and long-term alteration. On exposure to moisture, brick raw materials rich in sodium and potassium expand more than materials rich in calcium, alumina, and magnesium. Mineral grains such as calcite, dolomite, pyrite, and siderite are associated with cracks, spalls, and pops in bricks, and some lime-rich Pleistocene materials develop complete friability unless treated with steam or water during cooling. Bricks made from illite-rich raw materials expand much more than those made from kaolinite-rich materials, but this greater expansion may be partly attributable to the fact that kaolinitic materials require greater firing temperature. Mortars can be made from several materials, but the preferred composition is Portland cement, quartz sand, and lime, in ratios depending on the strength required. If sulfate attack on the mortar is a likelihood, mortars low in sulfate and tricalcium aluminate should be used, and bricks with low sulfate content should be specified.The firing of bricks is an essential determinant of brick durability and tendency to expand. Bricks fired at low temperatures expand much more, absorb more water, are less strong, and are more likely to deteriorate than are bricks fired at higher temperatures. Many brick materials have a relatively short vitrification range (the interval from under-fired to optimum firing and to over-fired due to bloating and/or melting). This short firing range, plus the high cost of fuel, makes temperature control a top priority in the production of brick. Firing to optimum levels seems to cause the crystallization of a series of high temperature phases, with corresponding increased strength and decreased water absorption and moisture expansion. Moisture expansion is thought to result from rehydroxylation of illite and other clay mineral anhydrides. Acid rainAlthough the literature suggests that acid rain has not worsened dramatically in the past 25 years, several studies show that this problem is a very serious one that could increase in intensity in the future. The problem of sulfate and nitrate pollution is complicated by the fact that there are many forms in which the SO and NO can be transported and deposited, and by the fact that acid precipitation often results from the combined effects of several sources of pollution. These widespread phenomena essentially are outside current point source laws, and are not dealt with adequately in national or international law; however, almost everyone agrees that the effects of acid rain ought to be more extensively studied. Such research must deal with very -11 -complex phenomena and often the results show only subtle differences. In many cases the complexity of the natural setting can only be simulated by using outdoor situations and attempting to control as many variables as possible. The acid rain problem involves the effects of SOX and NOX deposition or absorption from rain, sleet, snow, fog, dust, and gaseous diffusion. It is clear that the amount of dry ...

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Section: Weathering Of Building Stonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Weathering Of Building Stonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Weathering Of Building Stonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Weathering Of Building Stonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The weathering of brick; causes, assessment and measurement

Hughes¹,

Bargh²

1982

Open-File Report

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A preliminary scanning electron microscope study of honeycomb weathering of sandstone in a coastal environment

McGreevy¹

1985

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Honeycomb weathering has been observed in a Carboniferous sandstone at a coastal location near Ballycastle on the north coast of Northern Ireland. Specimens of this sandstone have been analysed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectrometry. Results reveal that calcium sulphate (gypsum) is the only salt present and is found only at and immediately below the rock surface. SEM observations suggest that crystallization of salts in pores could easily dislodge quartz grains to promote granular disintegration, whilst etching of quartz grain surfaces attests to chemical weathering activity within the rock However, the reason for the development of the honeycomb pattern is not known. KEY WORDS Honeycomb weathering Scanning electron microscopy Calcium sulphate Salt weathering

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Weathering of dolomite in industrial environments

Gauri

Tambe

Caner-Saltık

1992

Environ. Geol. Water Sci

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/ To the exclusion of other major atmospheric pollutants, sulfur dioxide is mainly responsible for attack upon dolomite. This article characterizes Laurel Dolomite on the basis of composition, texture, and porosity; describes the mechanism of the SO 2 reaction with dolomite; and develops two equations for the prediction of the rate of decay of dolomite. Over a period of 120 yr nearly 3.57 mm surface reduction at protected areas and 0.915 mm surface reduction at unprotected surfaces of a building in Louisville was calculated. However, these values could not be verified because measurement of these quantities in the field cannot be made.

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Deterioration of Architectural Structures and Monuments

Cited by 11 publications

References 4 publications

The weathering of brick; causes, assessment and measurement

The weathering of brick; causes, assessment and measurement

A preliminary scanning electron microscope study of honeycomb weathering of sandstone in a coastal environment

Weathering of dolomite in industrial environments

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