“…Research into farmers' adoption of public and private GAP programmes has been undertaken in both Vietnam (Loan et al , 2016; Vu Thi et al , 2016) and other developing countries (Krause et al , 2016; Srisopaporn et al , 2015). However, the vast majority of the literature (Lippe and Grote, 2016; Krause et al , 2016; Loan et al , 2016; Vu Thi et al , 2016; Laosutsan et al , 2019) tends to explain farmers' adoption of GAP based on the either some or all of the four following factors:- the characteristics of farmers such as age, education level and experience (Kersting and Wollni, 2012; Lippe and Grote, 2016; Krause et al , 2016);
- the characteristics of farms and households such as farm size, the availability of labour and access to off-farm income (Muriithi et al , 2011; Annor et al , 2016; Loan et al , 2016; Jin and Zhou, 2011);
- the characteristics of the technology (GAP) such as the complexity of new farming practices, the need for additional labour to implement the new farming practices, the cost of new inputs to meet certification standards and certification costs (Vu Thi et al , 2016; Srisopaporn et al , 2015; Lippe and Grote, 2016); and
- the level of support given to farmers under GAP programmes such as technical training, price support or input subsidies (Lippe and Grote, 2016; Kersting and Wollni, 2012; Muriithi et al , 2011).
…”