N
-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) gold(I) complexes offer great
prospects in medicinal chemistry as antiproliferative, anticancer,
and antibacterial agents. However, further development requires a
thorough understanding of their reaction behavior in aqueous media.
Herein, we report the conversion of the bromido[3-ethyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(2-methoxypyridin-5-yl)-1-propylimidazol-2-ylidene]gold(I)
((NHC)Au
I
Br,
1
) complex in acetonitrile/water
mixtures to the bis[3-ethyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(2-methoxypyridin-5-yl)-1-propylimidazol-2-ylidene]gold(I)
([(NHC)
2
Au
I
]
+
,
7
), which
is subsequently oxidized to the dibromidobis[3-ethyl-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(2-methoxypyridin-5-yl)-1-propylimidazol-2-ylidene]gold(III)
([(NHC)
2
Au
III
Br
2
]
+
,
9
). By combining experimental data from HPLC, NMR, and (LC-)/HR-MS
with computational results from DFT calculations, we outline a detailed
ligand scrambling reaction mechanism. The key step is the formation
of the stacked ((NHC)Au
I
Br)
2
dimer (
2
) that rearranges to the T-shaped intermediate Br(NHC)
2
Au
I
–Au
I
Br (
3
). The dissociation
of Br
–
from
3
and recombination lead
to (NHC)
2
Au
I
–Au
I
Br
2
(
5
) followed by the separation into [(NHC)
2
Au
I
]
+
(
7
) and [Au
I
Br
2
]
−
(
8
). [Au
I
Br
2
]
−
is not stable in an aqueous environment
and degrades in an internal redox reaction to Au
0
and Br
2
. The latter in turn oxidizes
7
to the gold(III)
species
9
. The reported ligand rearrangement of the (NHC)Au
I
Br complex differs from that found for related silver(I) analogous.
A detailed understanding of this scrambling mechanism is of utmost
importance for the interpretation of their biological activity and
will help to further optimize them for biomedical and other applications.