Determinants of bone mineralization in 8 to 20 year old Finnish females

Uusi‐Rasi, Kirsti; Haapasalo, Heidi; Kannus, Pekka; Pasanen, Matti; Sievänen, Harri; Oja, Pekka; Vuori, Ilkka

doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600362

Cited by 68 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Cross-sectional studies have shown conflicting results. Some studies found a positive association between calcium intake and BMD or BMC [5,6], but in most there was no relation between bone mass and calcium intake [7][8][9][10]14]. In a new crosssectional study with girls aged 11-15 years including data from six European countries there was no relation between calcium intake and radial BMD [11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…However, the role of calcium intake in bone mineralization during growth is still controversial because of conflicting results from observational and intervention studies [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Furthermore, the close relation between areal bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and body size may lead to size-related artifacts in comparisons with variables that are themselves size-related, such as dietary intake and muscle strength [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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The Influence of Calcium Intake and Physical Activity on Bone Mineral Content and Bone Size in Healthy Children and Adolescents

Mølgaard¹,

Thomsen

Michaelsen³

2001

Osteoporosis International

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Studies of determinants of bone mineralization during growth are relevant to the attempt to increase peak bone mass. The aim of this study was to examine how calcium intake and physical activity influence bone size (bone area, BA), accretion in BA, whole body bone mineral content (BMC) and accretion in BMC. BA and BMC were examined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (Hologic 1000/W) in healthy girls (n = 192) and boys (n = 140) aged 5-19 years at baseline and 1 year later. Calcium intake was assessed three times by a food frequency questionnaire and physical activity three times by a 24 h recall questionnaire. The influence of calcium intake and physical activity was examined by multiple regression. BA was size-adjusted by including height and weight in all analyses, and BMC was size-adjusted by including BA, height and weight in all analyses. Size-adjusted average BA was associated neither with average calcium intake nor with average physical activity. Size-adjusted accretion in BA was borderline associated with the average calcium intake in boys only (p = 0.07). Size-adjusted average BMC was positively associated with average calcium intake (p) = 0.03 girls; p = 0.07 boys) and borderline associated with average physical activity level in boys (p = 0.07) but not girls (p = 0.7). Size-adjusted accretion in BMC was significantly associated neither with average calcium intake nor with average physical activity level, but was associated with change in calcium intake over the 1 year observation period in boys (p = 0.03) but not girls (p = 0.9). In conclusion, we found that size-adjusted BMC in school-aged children was positively associated with average calcium intake. Size-adjusted accretion in BMC was positively associated with change in dietary calcium intake in boys only. To what degree this is caused by a reduction in remodeling space is unknown.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

The Influence of Calcium Intake and Physical Activity on Bone Mineral Content and Bone Size in Healthy Children and Adolescents

Mølgaard¹,

Thomsen

Michaelsen³

2001

Osteoporosis International

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“…Mechanical loading has been said to have the greatest influence on the skeleton during growth [1,3,9], the body weight and lean body mass being the most important determinants of the bone mass at that phase [7,10,11]. Kannus et al [1] showed in a crosssectional study of female tennis and squash players that the benefit of mechanical loading on the bone mass of the playing arm was about 2 times greater if women started the playing at or before menarche rather than after it.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

High-Impact Exercise and Bones of Growing Girls: A 9-Month Controlled Trial

Heinonen

Sievänen

Kannus

et al. 2001

Osteoporosis International

283

233

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The maximum amount of bone a person can obtain during the first two decades of life is an important determinant of bone mass in later life, and an increase in peak bone mass has been associated with decreased risk for osteoporotic fractures. It is known that growth of bone and thus development of peak bone mass are strongly controlled by genetic factors, but information on the role of environmental factors, such as exercise and nutrition, (e.g., exercise) on growing bone is limited. We tested a hypothesis that in growing girls the benefit of mechanical loading on bone mineral mass and bone strength is better before rather than after the menarche. Sixty-four girls (25 premenarcheal, 39 postmenarcheal) carried out a supervised 9-month step-aerobic program (two sessions per week), each session complemented with additional jumps. Sixty-two girls (33 premenarcheal, 29 postmenarcheal) served as controls. Bone mineral content (BMC) at the lumbar spine and proximal femur was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). In addition, the cortical density (CoD, mg/cm3) and cortical cross-sectional area (CoA, mm2) and the density-weighted polar section modulus (BSI, mm3) of the tibial midshaft were determined by peripheral quantitative tomography (pQCT). In the premenarcheal girls, BMC increased statistically significantly more in the trainees than controls at the lumbar spine (p = 0.012) (8.6% vs 5.3%) and femoral neck (p = 0.014) (9.3% vs 5.3%). In the tibial midshaft, the intergroup differences (CoD, CoA and BSI) were not significant. The postmenarcheal girls showed no significant post-training intergroup differences in any of the bone parameters (BMC increased in the lumbar spine 6.0% vs 4.9%; femoral neck 3.4% vs 3.2%; and trochanter 2.6% vs 3.5%). Although a large proportion of bone mineral increase in the growing girls of this study was attributable to growth itself, this 9-month exercise intervention showed that a clear and large additional bone gain could be obtained in exercising premenarcheal girls, but not in exercising postmenarcheal girls. In other words, exercise seemed more beneficial for additional bone mineral acquisition before menarche (i.e., during the growth spurt) rather than after it.

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“…Excercise may increase volumetric bone mineral apparent density. Observations of Uusi-Rasi et al (1997) in Finnish females between 8 and 20 y show that physical activity produces 5 ± 7% bene®ts in bone mineral variables, and in Chinese adolescents physical ®tness was a signi®cant positive predictor of bone mineral density of the L2 ± L4 vertebrae (Cheng et al, 1998).…”

Section: S3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological and physiological changes during growth: an update

Ballabriga

2000

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Skeletal growth and changes in body composition during growth present important variations; body mass index and lean body mass related to age show important gender differences. The process of ossification is developed in two different ways, endochondral and intramembraneous. The former is characterised by the formation of bone from growth cartilage. Intramembraneous ossification is characterised by the formation of bone from a mesenchymal structure, as occurs with the flat bones of the skull. During childhood and adolescence and up to the acquisition of adult stature, two phenomenons are produced simultaneously: the synthesis of new bone from growth cartilage due to the process of endochondral ossification, and modeling-remodeling of previously synthesized bone. Bone growth and mineralisation of its extracellular matrix are simultaneous phenomenons, the final result being the acquisition and maintenance of body bone mass. A positive calcium balance is necessary during adolescence in order to achieve the maximum peak of bone mass and even with the termination of longitudinal growth of bone, the process of mineralisation can last a further 4 years. Childhood and adolescence are the period of life in which the peak of bone mass must be achieved, and if during this time this does not happen there will be a greater risk for the later development of osteoporosis. Regulation of bone mass is a polygenic process and during recent years studies have been centred on the receptor genes of vitamin D and estrogens. A maximum calcium retention during adolescence may influence the achievement of a high peak of bone mass but at a certain level of calcium intake the calcium retention reaches a plateau. The expression of grams of hydroxyapatite per square centimetre has been used clinically, or expressed in volume as g/cm3. From birth until 3 years, the increase represents approximately 30% of the total increase, from 3 years until the beginning of pubertal development the increase is 20%. During pubertal development there is an increase of 30-40% and from the end of growth until the age of 21 years there is an increase of 15-20%. Both prepubertal boys and girls show a progressive increase of leptin levels during the years prior to the onset of puberty and until Tanner's stage 11 and higher levels are observed in girls in this period, possibly in relation to their earlier onset of puberty. This increase of leptin in girls during pubertal development suggests that leptin may be a link between adipose tissue and puberty.

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Determinants of bone mineralization in 8 to 20 year old Finnish females

Cited by 68 publications

References 24 publications

The Influence of Calcium Intake and Physical Activity on Bone Mineral Content and Bone Size in Healthy Children and Adolescents

The Influence of Calcium Intake and Physical Activity on Bone Mineral Content and Bone Size in Healthy Children and Adolescents

High-Impact Exercise and Bones of Growing Girls: A 9-Month Controlled Trial

Morphological and physiological changes during growth: an update

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