Determinants of carbon emissions in a European emerging country: evidence from ARDL cointegration and Granger causality analysis

Abstract

Hungary is one of the European Union's most dynamically developing countries in Central-Eastern Europe with a high income and increasing level of environmental degradation. The present study explores the dynamic relationship between economic growth, electricity consumption, carbon emissions and urbanization in Hungary for period 1974-2014 based on annual data. Using autoregressive distributed lag model, we found long run relationship among the variables in the presence of structural breaks and Toda-Yamamoto procedure were applied to test causality. The findings indicate that electricity consumption is positively linked with carbon emissions in the long run, which implies that the energy efficiency should be improved. Urbanization have also positive effect on carbon emissions meaning that the number of cities increases the emissions.Causality results suggest that Hungary is growing at the cost of the environment and the lack of the coordination of economic and environmental objectives to fulfill emission reduction targets can reduce economic growth. The reconsideration of the economic and energy policy is vital for ensuring sustainable development and stricter environmental policy is suggested. These results contribute not only to the expansion of the existing literature, but also improves the methodological background by employing a new variable to capture urbanization effect on carbon emissions.

Analyzing the linkages of rural tourism, GDP, energy utilization, and environment: Exploring a sustainable path for China

“…Pollutants released as a result of these activities affect the Environment, as [ 80 ] stated. While tourism spending in rural areas benefits the economy, the associated activities have environmental consequences for the host country due to their role in generating greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution [ 49 ]. In response to the above claims, we included the various tourism-related sectors in our environmental impact analysis.…”

“…Ref. [ 49 ] documented that more than 14,000 research works on the tourism industry-environment linkages demonstrate no environmental impacts at the sectoral tourism industry level. However, [ 50 ] found that cafeterias and lodges emit CO 2 and degrade air quality.…”

Coordinated Interactions of Sustainable Urbanization Dimensions: Case Study in Hunan, China

“…For instance, decision of where to build garbage treatment plants may cause social disputes or conflicts among communities (O’Neil, 2020). What is more, as the total resources or budgets of a city are relatively limited, more devotion to environmental urbanization means less devotion into social urbanization, which hinders the growth of social urbanization; in other words, environmental urbanization to some degree is at the cost of social urbanization (Nemeth-Durko, 2020). In conclusion, the dimensions of social urbanization and environmental urbanization are mutually and complicatedly intertwined.…”