Determinants of diabetes comorbidities in Indonesia: a cohort study of non-communicable disease risk factor

Abstract

Background<br />Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease that constitutes a huge health burden, with the presence of comorbidities of DM adding to it. This study aimed to obtain the main determinants of the combined incidence of DM and its main comorbidities in adults.<br /><br />Methods<br />This was a further analysis of the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Cohort Study 2011 – 2018 involving 3730 subjects. Data of diabetes-free respondents at baseline were followed up every 2 years for 6 years. Data collection was carried out through interviews and health examinations. All subjects were assayed for blood glucose and lipid parameters. Chi-square test and Cox regression were implemented for data analysis.<br /><br />Results<br />During 6 years of follow-up, DM incidence occurred in 567 (15.2%) subjects. The most common comorbidities were increased low density lipoprotein (LDL), central obesity, increased total cholesterol, obesity and hypertension. Most of the comorbidities occurred before the diagnosis of DM incidence. The determinants of the combined DM incidence–increased LDL are obesity, hypertension, and a family history of DM. The determinants of the combined DM incidence–central obesity are increased triglycerides, hypertension, male gender, and family history of DM. While the determinants of the combined DM incidence–hypertension are obesity and increased triglycerides.<br /><br />CONCLUSION<br />This study demonstrated a high burden of diabetes incidence with comorbidities among adults. Knowledge of the magnitude of the diabetes<br />comorbidity determinants emphasizes the role of non pharmacological intervention such as weight reduction and dietary modification.

Analysis of Modifiable, Non-Modifiable, and Physiological Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases in Indonesia: Evidence from the 2018 Indonesian Basic Health Research

“…Previous research has stated that the risk factors for NCDs are behavioral, metabolic, and socio-demographic. 2,[12][13][14][15][16] Unfortunately, these previous studies were only conducted at the city level, 13,14 only involved adolescent respondents, 16 and only examined DM as NCDs. 12 The modernization of food in the Indonesian diet, such as the introduction of instant food and energy drinks, 17 has not been studied.…”

“…2,[12][13][14][15][16] Unfortunately, these previous studies were only conducted at the city level, 13,14 only involved adolescent respondents, 16 and only examined DM as NCDs. 12 The modernization of food in the Indonesian diet, such as the introduction of instant food and energy drinks, 17 has not been studied. This study aimed to analyze the modifiable, non-modifiable, and physiological risk factors of NCDs in Indonesia.…”

Psychological distress and dyslipidemia in adult women: A 6-years follow up study in Bogor City, Indonesia

“…(16) The proportion of subjects with high LDL concentration (100 mg/dL and above) at baseline and in monitoring years 2, 4 and 6, was found to be higher than 80%. (17) Multivariate analysis of the study of Chen et al (18) found a significant association between psychological distress and dyslipidemia, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.14 (95% CI: 1.04-1.25). On the other hand, the results of the study of Zhang et al (19) showed that the group with mental health disorders had a significant relationship for awareness of dyslipidemia, with odds ratio (OR) =1.81, but not for treatment of dyslipidemia (OR=1.29) and for controlled dyslipidemia (OR=0.93).…”