Determinants of Incomplete Vaccination Among Children Aged 12 to 23 Months in Gindhir District, Southeastern Ethiopia: Unmatched Case–Control Study

Abstract

Background: Incomplete vaccination can put children at greater risk of acquiring vaccinepreventable diseases. In Ethiopia, vaccination coverage against vaccine-preventable diseases is still a significant and persistent public health challenge. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the determinants of incomplete childhood vaccination among children aged 12-23 months in Gindhir District, Southeast Ethiopia. Methods: A community-based unmatched case-control design was employed among children aged 12-23 months from 1 to 28 February 2020. A total of 254 cases and 508 controls were included using the stratified random sampling technique. Cases included children aged 12-23 months who missed at least one dose of the routine vaccination, and controls were the children with complete vaccination with all required doses. Binary logistic regression analyses were used to identify the independent factors for children's incomplete vaccination status. Results: Of all assessed determinants, maternal knowledge about vaccination (AOR=0.50, 95% CI: 0.31, 0.80), educational status (AOR=2.61, 95% CI: 1.19, 5.67), average monthly income (AOR=0.33, 95% CI: 0.15, 0.77), model family (AOR = 2.50, 95% CI: 1.51, 4.14), taking TT vaccine (AOR= 0.45 95% CI: 0.29, 0.78), number of under five children (AOR= 4.90 95% CI: 1.72, 13.93) and birth order (AOR= 6.33, 95% CI: 1.89, 14.87) were found to have statistically significant association with childhood incomplete vaccination. Conclusion:In this study, the mother's education, model family, birth order, average monthly income, and knowledge were some of the independent determinants of incomplete childhood vaccination. Improving maternal knowledge, income, and educational status should be the expectable measure to reduce incomplete vaccination.

Bayesian Analysis of Predictors of Incomplete Vaccination against Polio among Children Aged 12–23 Months in Ethiopia

“…Hence, children born to younger women were more likely to have incomplete vaccination against polio compared to those born to older women. This finding is consistent with the findings of studies that have been carried out in Ethiopia [26,27] and other low-and middle-income countries [28][29][30][31], which found that young maternal age is a risk factor for incomplete childhood immunization. The possible reason for the finding could be the better understanding of the child's health and the importance of vaccination among older women compared to younger women [30,31].…”

“…Children of mothers with a higher educational level and wealth index were less likely to be incompletely immunized against polio compared with those with no formal education. High socio-economic status (wealth and educational level) has been found to be protective against incomplete childhood vaccination in several studies in low-and middle-income countries, including Ethiopia [26][27][28][29][30][31]. In explaining the relationship between socio-economic status and childhood vaccination, several authors have explained that higher socio-economic status enhanced health-care seeking for child health, including immunization [35][36][37].…”

Determinants of defaulter to full vaccination among children aged 12-23 months in Siraro District, West Arsi zone, Oromia, Ethiopia: A Case-Control study

“…The highest coverage of full vaccination in Addis Ababa (83%) and lowest in Afar region due to different challenges and opportunities as explained in other studies (20%) (5,13). Studies have also reported that maternal education, place of delivery, antenatal care (ANC) visits, postnatal care follow up, place of residence and exposure to mass media as predictors of poor child immunization status (13,14,17,19). However, most of the studies were cross-sectional and failed to include certain variables or factors that could be pertinent in the Ethiopian context, such as socioeconomic status, attitude and service satisfaction towards immunization services provision at grassroots of individual family members and few community-based studies are available.…”

“…The full vaccination coverage has been raised from 39% in 2016 to 43% in 2019 EDHS report and about 19% children in 12-23months age group have not received any vaccinations at all (16). The highest coverage of full vaccination in Addis Ababa (83%) and lowest in Afar region due to different challenges and opportunities as explained in other studies (20%) (5,13). Studies have also reported that maternal education, place of delivery, antenatal care (ANC) visits, postnatal care follow up, place of residence and exposure to mass media as predictors of poor child immunization status (13,14,17,19).…”

“…According to the Ethiopian Federal Ministry of Health vaccination schedule, fully vaccination is considered as if the child has received one dose of Bacillus Calumete Guerin (BCG) vaccination against tuberculosis at birth or at the rst clinical contact, three doses of pentavalent vaccine (DPT-HepB -Hib), three doses of polio vaccine, three dose of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) at age of 6, 10, and 14 weeks. In addition, two dose of rotavirus vaccine at age of 6 and 10 weeks and one dose of measles vaccine at 9 months or soon before their rst birth year and that the vaccinations be recorded on a vaccination card that is given to the parents or caretakers (10,13,14).…”