Determinants of regional species richness: an empirical analysis of the number of hawkmoth species (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) on the Malesian archipelago

Beck, Jan; Kitching, Ian J.; Linsenmair, K. Eduard

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01418.x

Cited by 21 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Yet, isolation arises as an important factor in shaping island biotas (Heaney et al. , 2005; Beck et al ., 2006a,b), due to two related phenomena acting in opposite directions. More isolated islands will have lower immigration rates and an absence of constant gene flow that might result in a higher frequency of founder effects generating new species on these islands (but see Clegg et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time, area and isolation: factors driving the diversification of Azorean arthropods

Borges

Hortal

2008

Journal of Biogeography

100

133

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Aim R. J. Whittaker et al. recently proposed a 'general dynamic model of oceanic island biogeography' (GDM), providing a general explanation of island biodiversity patterns by relating fundamental biogeographical processesspeciation, immigration, extinction -to area (A) and time (T; maximum island geological age). We adapt their model, which predicts a positive relationship with area combined with a humped relationship to time (designated the ATT 2 model), to study the factors promoting diversification on the Azores for several arthropod groups.Location The Azorean archipelago (North Atlantic; 37-40°N, 25-31°W).Methods We use the number of single-island endemics (SIEs) as a measure of diversification, to evaluate four different predictions for the variation in SIEs between different islands, derived from the GDM theory and our knowledge of the fauna and history of the Azores. We calculated the number of SIEs for seven out of the nine Azorean islands and six groups of species (all arthropods, beetles, cavernicolous and non-cavernicolous species, and taxa with high and low dispersal abilities). Several variables accounting for island characteristics (area, geological age, habitat diversity and isolation) and generalized linear models were used to evaluate the reliability of each prediction.Results A linear and positive relationship between SIEs and an AT (area + time) model was the most parsimonious explanation for overall arthropod diversification. However, cavernicolous species showed the opposite pattern (more SIEs inhabiting the youngest islands). Also, isolation was an important predictor of diversification for all groups except for the species with high dispersal ability; while the former were negatively related to the distance from the main source of colonizing lineages (Santa Maria island in most cases), the latter were related to area. Dispersal ability was also a key factor affecting the diversification of most groups of species.Main conclusions In general, the diversification of Azorean arthropods is affected by age, area and isolation. However, different groups are affected by these factors in different ways, showing radically different patterns. Although the ATT 2 model fails to predict the diversification pattern of several groups, it provides a framework for integrating these deviations into a general theory. Further improvements of the GDM theory need to take into account the particular traits of each group and the role of isolation in shaping island diversity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time, area and isolation: factors driving the diversification of Azorean arthropods

Borges

Hortal

2008

Journal of Biogeography

100

133

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“…Recently, biogeographical regions have found increasing use in macroecological investigations of species richness or other macroecological patterns as a way to capture regional idiosyncrasies and historical contingencies above and beyond present‐day environmental correlates (Qian & Ricklefs, 2000; Hawkins et al. , 2003; Beck et al. , 2006a; Buckley & Jetz, 2007; Davies et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A framework for delineating biogeographical regions based on species distributions

Kreft

Jetz

2010

Journal of Biogeography

608

818

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Aim Biogeographical regionalizations, such as zoogeographical regions, floristic kingdoms or ecoregions, represent categorizations central to many basic and applied questions in biogeography, ecology, evolution and conservation. Traditionally established by experts based on qualitative evidence, the lack of transparency and quantitative support has set constraints on their utility. The recent availability of global species range maps, novel multivariate techniques and enhanced computational power now enable a quantitative scrutiny and extension of biogeographical regionalizations that will facilitate new and more rigorous uses. In this paper we develop and illustrate a methodological roadmap for species-level biogeographical regionalizations at the global scale and apply it to mammals.Methods We explore the relative usefulness of ordination and clustering methods and validation techniques. The performance of nine different clustering algorithms is tested at different taxonomic levels. The grain of regionalization (i.e. the number of clusters) will usually be driven by the purpose of the study, but we present several approaches that provide guidance.Results Non-metric multidimensional scaling offers a valuable first step in identifying and illustrating biogeographical transition zones. For the clustering of regions, the nine different hierarchical clustering methods varied greatly in utility, with UPGMA (unweighted pair-group method using arithmetic averages) agglomerative hierarchical clustering having consistently the best performance. The UPGMA approach allows a tree-like phenetic representation of the relative distances of regions and can be applied at different levels of taxonomic resolution. We find that the new quantitative biogeographical regions exhibit both striking similarities to and differences from the classic primary geographical divisions of the world's biota. Specifically, our results provide evidence that the Sahara, northern Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and parts of the Middle East should be regarded as part of the Afrotropics. Further, the position of the New Guinean continental shelf, Lydekker's Line, is supported as an appropriate border to separate the Oriental and Australian regions. Main conclusionsWe propose that this sort of new, quantitative delineation and relationship assessment across taxonomic and geographical grains is likely to offer opportunities for more rigorous inference in historical and ecological biogeography and conservation.

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“…Numerous studies attempting to determine the distribution of individual moth families to changes in vegetation, climate and topography have been conducted in the tropics , Axmacher et al 2004, Beck et al 2006, Hilt and Fiedler 2006, Beck and Chey 2008, but few have examined multi-family diversity and communities. Most of these studies found that both elevation and plant species distributions are important predictors of moth family distributions and diversity patterns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of moth diversity and community in a temperate mountain landscape: vegetation, topography, and seasonality

2013

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Abstract. Macromoth diversity, abundance, and community structure in the topographically complex HJ Andrews Experimental Forest and LTER site was studied on the west slope of the Cascade Range, Oregon. Data on 493 macromoth species (62,221 individuals) was sampled eight times/year at 20 locations from 2004 to 2008 and examined using multivariate statistics and generalized additive models to determine the importance of topography and vegetation on moth community assembly and diversity. Significant differences exist between moth communities at lower and higher elevations. High-elevation moth communities are far more variable inter-annually, whether associated with high-elevation forests, meadows, or clearcuts. Low-elevation young and old gymnosperm forests and riparian forests are more stable and predictable communities having less inter-annual variability. High-elevation communities show more intra-annual variability than low-elevation communities. Low-elevation moth communities are more abundant than high-elevation communities and typically associated with the most common, abundant species of macromoths in the study. High-elevation communities, by contrast, are associated with less abundant, more evenly distributed species, as well as with rare moth species. Macromoth community structure and diversity were related to year or sample period and structural descriptions of vegetation communities, but not related to known host-plant diversity. High-elevation communities are threatened by contraction of montane meadows and climate change which, given the variability in high-elevation communities, could severely impact the biological diversity of the western Cascades landscape. Nocturnal macromoths represent an important potential indicator of ecosystem health and change.

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Determinants of regional species richness: an empirical analysis of the number of hawkmoth species (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) on the Malesian archipelago

Cited by 21 publications

References 65 publications

Time, area and isolation: factors driving the diversification of Azorean arthropods

Time, area and isolation: factors driving the diversification of Azorean arthropods

A framework for delineating biogeographical regions based on species distributions

Determinants of moth diversity and community in a temperate mountain landscape: vegetation, topography, and seasonality

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