Determinants of Symptomatic Vulvovaginal Candidiasis among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infected Women in Rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Apalata, Teke; Carr, William H.; Sturm, W; Longo-Mbenza, Benjamin; Moodley, Prashini

doi:10.1155/2014/387070

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 21 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Trichomoniasis is considered to be the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide affecting individuals of all ages, ethnicity, and socioeconomic groups [ 2 , 3 ]. The global prevalence rates for T. vaginalis varies between 0.9% and 80% [ 14 – 16 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotypic Variation in Trichomonas vaginalis Detected in South African Pregnant Women

Chetty

Mabaso

Abbai

2020

Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background. Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of trichomoniasis. The genetic characterisation of T. vaginalis isolates reveals significant genetic diversity in this organism. Data on the prevalence of different genotypes of T. vaginalis in South African populations is lacking. This study investigated the diversity of T. vaginalis in a pregnant population in South Africa. Methods. In this study, 362 pregnant women from the King Edward VIII Hospital in Durban, South Africa, provided vaginal swabs to be tested for the presence of T. vaginalis. T. vaginalis was detected using the TaqMan assay using commercially available primers and probes specific for this protozoan (Pr04646256_s1). The actin gene from T. vaginalis was amplified with gene-specific primers. The actin amplicons were digested with HindII, MseI, and RsaI, and the banding patterns were compared across the three digests for assignment of genotypes. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using MEGA. Results. The prevalence of T. vaginalis in the study population was 12.9% (47/362). Genotype G was the most frequent genotype in our study population. Genotypes H and I were detected in one sample each. According to the multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis, a level of diversity was observed across and within genotypes. Four different single-nucleotide changes in the actin gene were detected. Sample TV358 (H genotype) contained a single amino acid substitution from glutamine to lysine. Sample TV184 (G genotype) contained a single amino acid substitution from glutamic acid to arginine. Sample TV357 (G genotype) contained two amino acid substitutions, arginine to leucine and glycine to aspartic acid. Conclusion. Three different genotypes were observed in the pregnant population. Diversity was observed across and within genotypes. The observed diversity can be challenging for future vaccine design and development of antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests for trichomoniasis.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotypic Variation in Trichomonas vaginalis Detected in South African Pregnant Women

Chetty

Mabaso

Abbai

2020

Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, this is likely to be the results of mucosal barrier disruption and/or inflammation associated with vulvovaginal candidiasis. Seventy-five percent of women experience at least one episode of candidiasis during their life, and the risk for frequent, more invasive and resistant infections in persons living with HIV is high, likely due to T cell immune defects [50]. Other in vitro studies have shown that HSV-2 significantly enhances binding of Candida albicans to HeLa cells [51], which the authors conclude suggests that HSV-2 increases Candida persistence in the FGT.…”

Section: Interactions Between the Viral And Fungal Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 90%

The Vaginal Virome—Balancing Female Genital Tract Bacteriome, Mucosal Immunity, and Sexual and Reproductive Health Outcomes?

Happel

Varsani

Balle

et al. 2020

Viruses

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Besides bacteria, fungi, protists and archaea, the vaginal ecosystem also contains a range of prokaryote- and eukaryote-infecting viruses, which are collectively referred to as the “virome”. Despite its well-described role in the gut and other environmental niches, the vaginal virome remains understudied. With a focus on sexual and reproductive health, we summarize the currently known components of the vaginal virome, its relationship with other constituents of the vaginal microbiota and its association with adverse health outcomes. While a range of eukaryote-infecting viruses has been described to be present in the female genital tract (FGT), few prokaryote-infecting viruses have been described. Literature suggests that various vaginal viruses interact with vaginal bacterial microbiota and host immunity and that any imbalance thereof may contribute to the risk of adverse reproductive health outcomes, including infertility and adverse birth outcomes. Current limitations of vaginal virome research include experimental and analytical constraints. Considering the vaginal virome may represent the missing link in our understanding of the relationship between FGT bacteria, mucosal immunity, and adverse sexual and reproductive health outcomes, future studies evaluating the vaginal microbiome and its population dynamics holistically will be important for understanding the role of the vaginal virome in balancing health and disease.

show abstract

“…Although vulvovaginal candidiasis occurs more frequently in HIV-infected women than in HIV-uninfected women, [50] most SA studies are cross-sectional and not longitudinal, and therefore do not inform the incidence of recurrence. [50,51] Based on international data, [52,53] we conservatively assumed that recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis -defined as ≥4 episodes per year -had a prevalence of 6% among females aged 15 -54 years; this risk was not adjusted for HIV status.…”

Section: Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

The estimated burden of fungal disease in South Africa

et al. 2019

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Fungal infections are common and diverse in South Africa (SA), driven in large part by the syndemics of HIV, tuberculosis (TB) and poverty. SA has the dubious distinctions of having the largest HIV epidemic, [1] one of the highest incidences of TB, [2] and-by some measures-the most socioeconomic inequity [3] in the world. Each of these conditions on its own or in combination can predispose individuals to fungal disease, but to our knowledge, the burden of such infections in SA has not previously been estimated. Objectives To estimate the prevalence and incidence of fungal infections in SA, excluding cutaneous infections with the sole exception of tinea capitis because of its severity in a significant minority of children. Methods The burden of fungal disease in SA was estimated using the methodologies of LIFE-worldwide.org. [4] Starting estimates for fungal disease or for conditions complicated by fungal disease were obtained This open-access article is distributed under Creative Commons licence CC-BY-NC 4.0.

show abstract

Determinants of Symptomatic Vulvovaginal Candidiasis among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infected Women in Rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa

Cited by 17 publications

References 21 publications

Genotypic Variation in Trichomonas vaginalis Detected in South African Pregnant Women

Genotypic Variation in Trichomonas vaginalis Detected in South African Pregnant Women

The Vaginal Virome—Balancing Female Genital Tract Bacteriome, Mucosal Immunity, and Sexual and Reproductive Health Outcomes?

The estimated burden of fungal disease in South Africa

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About