Determination of a comprehensive set of drugs of abuse, metabolites and human biomarkers in wastewater using passive sampling followed by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis

Long-term monitoring of drug consumption patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic in a small-sized community in Brazil through wastewater-based epidemiology

“…The wide variation of R s values observed in the literature characterize the high dependency of experimental calibration conditions and the semi-quantitative nature of drug consumption estimation using POCIS ( Hahn et al, 2021 ). In this study, C TWA were estimated using lab constructed POCIS samplers with Oasis® HLB sorbent, whose calibration was recently described ( Hahn et al, 2022 ). The wastewater was sampled in a WWTP from a mid-sized Brazilian city from 18 March 2020 to 3 March 2021, with 24 sampling periods of two weeks.…”

“…POCIS samplers were constructed in-house, as previously described ( Hahn et al, 2022 ). Briefly, 205 ± 5 mg of Oasis® HLB bulk packing material (Waters, Milford, USA) were sandwiched between two polyethersulphones membranes, obtained from (Pall, Ann Arbor, USA), and clamped between two stainless steel rings.…”

“…POCIS extraction and analysis were performed as recently described by Hahn et al (2022) . The Oasis® HLB sorbent was removed from the POCIS sampler and extracted three times with 4 mL of methanol.…”

“…R s values were 0.043, 0.050, 0.060, 0.079, 0.081, 0.085, 0.140, and 0.254 L day −1 for AMP, COT, AEME, BZE, MAMP, CAF, MDMA, and THC-COOH, respectively. Details of the calibration experiment were described by Hahn et al (2022) .…”

“…However, the use of POCIS requires the calibration of the sampling rates for the compounds of interest ( Magi et al, 2018 ). Recently, our group described an analytical method based on POCIS sampling for the measurement of all priority compounds of SCORE in wastewater ( Hahn et al, 2022 ). Only a few studies have compared automatic composite sampling with POCIS sampling.…”