“…CE separation of QNs has been theoretically studied [8,9] and its application to assaying QN antibiotics and their residues in various matrices, including rat liver perfusate [10], pig plasma and kidney [11 -14], chicken tissues [15 -17], milk [18,19], wastewater [20], and human urine [21], has been actively investigated. Various detection techniques, such as UV [22,23], amperometry [24], laser induced fluorescence [16], chemiluminescence [25], electrochemiluminescence [21], and mass spectrometry [13,18,26] have been hyphenated to CE for QN detection. Recently, our group [19] reported CE -potential gradient detection (PGD) determination of QNs in fortified milk samples.…”