Determination of Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 and Ochratoxin A in Ginseng and Ginger by Multitoxin Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup and Liquid Chromatographic Quantitation: Collaborative Study

Abstract

The accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility characteristics of a method using multitoxin immunoaffinity column cleanup with liquid chromatography (LC) for determination of aflatoxins (AF; sum of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in powdered ginseng and ginger have been established in a collaborative study involving 13 laboratories from 7 countries. Blind duplicate samples of blank, spiked (AF and OTA added) at levels ranging from 0.25 to 16.0 g/kg for AF and 0.25 to 8.0 g/kg for OTA were analyzed. A naturally contaminated powdered ginger sample was also included. Test samples were extracted with methanol and 0.5 aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate solution (700 + 300, v/v). The extract was centrifuged, diluted with phosphate buffer (PB), filtered, and applied to an immunoaffinity column containing antibodies specific for AF and OTA. After washing the column withwater, the toxins were eluted from the column with methanol, and quantified by high-performance LC with fluorescence detection. Average recoveries of AF from ginseng and ginger ranged from 70 to 87 (at spiking levels ranging from 2 to 16 g/kg), and of OTA, from 86 to 113 (at spiking levels ranging from 1 to 8 g/kg). Relative standard deviations for within-laboratory repeatability (RSDr) ranged from 2.6 to 8.3 for AF, and from 2.5 to 10.7 for OTA. Relative standard deviations for between-laboratory reproducibility (RSDR) ranged from 5.7 to 28.6 for AF, and from 5.5 to 10.7 for OTA. HorRat values were 2 for the multi-analytes in the 2 matrixes.

A Liquid Chromatographic Method for Rapid and Sensitive Analysis of Aflatoxins in Laboratory Fungal Cultures

“…The fraction or percentage of the analyte that is recovered when the test sample is analyzed using the entire method is referred to as the method recovery [27]. Table 1 shows the percentage of AF recovery at a low, three-point intermediate, and high concentration levels spiked in three culture conditions.…”

The Carry-Over of Mycotoxins in Products of Animal Origin with Special Regard to Its Implications for the European Food Safety Legislation

“…Moreover, recent developments in animal nutrition like the use of protected concentrated proteins designed to bypass the rumen have to be taken into account in carry-over research. Recently, first steps were taken to develop commercial tests for multi-analysis [35,85,86].…”

Simultaneous determination of four aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in ginger and related products by HPLC with fluorescence detection after immunoaffinity column clean‐up and postcolumn photochemical derivatization

“…These mycotoxins pose a serious threat to human health through ingestion because of their carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and immunosuppression. A few publications have reported that aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) have been found in ginger and its products with various contamination levels .…”

“…In recent years, in order to get high sensitivity, various techniques have been used in the purification of mycotoxins such as SPE , solid‐phase microextraction , and liquid–liquid extraction . Among them, immunoaffinity column (IAC) based SPE is the most widely used technique in the pretreatment of mycotoxins for its high specificity and selectivity toward selected mycotoxins in many complex matrices . Some publications have reported the determination of AFs or OTA in ginger or its products with two different separation conditions .…”

“…Among them, immunoaffinity column (IAC) based SPE is the most widely used technique in the pretreatment of mycotoxins for its high specificity and selectivity toward selected mycotoxins in many complex matrices . Some publications have reported the determination of AFs or OTA in ginger or its products with two different separation conditions . However, until now, there has been no report on the simultaneous quantitative determination of five mycotoxins in ginger and its products in a single test using an IAC‐based SPE technique coupled with HPLC–FLD.…”