Determination of antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds for basic standardization of Turkish propolis

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the standard amount of antioxidant content and compounds of the propolis for the standardization of propolis. For this purpose, the total flavonoids, total phenolic, CUPRAC antioxidant capacity content and the diversity of phenolic and flavonoid components of these propolis samples were found by HPLC determined at the 23 propolis samples which were collected different regions of Turkey. Beside that, the similarities and differences of these 23 provinces to each other according to their antioxidant capacities were investigated by multidimensional scaling analysis. The total flavonoid content in the propolis samples were determined between 21.28 and 152.56 mg CE/g. The total phenolic content in the propolis samples was found between 34.53 mg and 259.4 mg GAE/g. CUPRAC antioxidant capacity of the propolis samples and antioxidant range was found from 95.35 to 710.43 mg TE/g. Also, 4 flavonoid [Quercetin (min.1.12–max.4.14 mg/g), Galangin (min.0.72–max.40.79 mg/g), Apigenin (min.1.07–max.17.35 mg/g), Pinocembrin (min.1.32–max.39.92 mg/g] and 6 phenolic acid [Caffeic acid (min.1.20–max.7.6 mg/g), p-Coumaric acid (min.1.26–max.4.47 mg/g), trans-Ferulic acid (min.1.28–max.4.92 mg/g), Protocatechuic acid (1.78 mg/g), trans-Cinnamic acid (min.1.05–max.3.83 mg/g), Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (CAPE) (min.1.41–max.30.15 mg/g)] components were detected as mg/g, in different ratios in propolis samples collected from different regions. The feature of this study, so far, is to have the maximum number of samples representing the Turkish propolis, and so is thought to help to national and international propolis standard workings.

Phenolic Content and Bioactivity as Geographical Classifiers of Propolis from Stingless Bees in Southeastern Mexico

“…Our results indicated that content of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids could be related to the type of vegetation predominant in the locations where the propolis was collected. The results obtained in this study coincide with those reported by other authors for classification and authentication of propolis from stingless bees collected in tropical forests in Asia and Brazil [ 11 , 13 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]. The correlation analysis between the contents of phenols and flavonoids was significantly negative.…”

“…The correlation analysis between the contents of phenols and flavonoids was significantly negative. A study conducted on propolis stingless bees from Malaysia indicated the opposite behavior [ 45 ]. In this sense, the differences observed in our study may be due to factors such as bee species, predominant vegetation, and extraction methods.…”

The effects of hive materials on phytochemical and biological properties of honeybee propolis

“…From our study, the reported quantities of phytochemicals and bioactivities are in accordance with those earlier reported 4,15–19 . Previous studies on total phenols have been performed in different regions of the world, for example, in Algeria 0.8–9.0 mg GAE/g, 20 Mexico 68–500 mg GAE/g, 21 Spain 200–340 mg GAE/g, 22 Turkey 34.5–259.4 mg GAE/g 23 and on total flavonoids in Turkey 21.3–152.6 mg QE/g, and Mexico 13–379 mg QE/g, Algeria 0.6–3.5. All these results are consistent with our data, except for some variation because of the influence of vegetation on the chemical properties of propolis 24 .…”

Protective Effect of Thyme and Chestnut Honeys Enriched with Bee Products against Benzo(a)pyrene-Induced DNA Damage

“…Polyphenols are the main constituents of propolis that have health-promoting properties, and propolis has been reported as the bee product containing the highest number of phenolic compounds [ 56 ]. Polyphenols, such as quercetin [ 57 ] and catechin [ 12 ], that have shown protective effects against this specific carcinogen, have been reported in this bee product. In addition, CAPE, known as a key anticancer component [ 58 ], has been ascribed as the most valuable biologically active compound in propolis for its several biological and pharmacological properties [ 56 ].…”