Determination of beryllium by use of photonuclear activation techniques

Beryllium characterization in powders containing plutonium by photoneutron activation analysis using a 124Sb gamma source

“…The measurement cell is made of polyethylene to increase the 3 He(n,p) capture cross section by moderating the photoneutrons. On the other hand, since the neutron detection efficiency of 3 He counters decreases significantly when the counters are exposed to photon doses greater than 10 rad h -1 [6], a 1 cm thick lead shield is placed in front of the 3 He counters. In view to optimize the thicknesses of polyethylene in front of and behind the 3 He counters, a simple spherical model is used with a central iron sphere of 8 cm diameter surrounded by concentric spheres defining successive layers of materials: 1 cm of lead to shield the 3 He detectors from the 124 Sb gamma source, a thickness e1 of polyethylene, 2.54 cm (1 inch) of 3 He gas with a pressure of 4 bar representing the proportional counter active area, and a thickness e2 of polyethylene to reflect escaping photoneutrons towards the 3 He detector.…”

“…Therefore, the detection of photoneutrons produced by the irradiation of materials with a gamma-ray source in the 1666-2225 keV range would exclusively sign the presence of beryllium. This remarkable feature of beryllium has already been used for diagnosing the berylliosis disease [2] or controlling ore samples [3]. The production of photoneutrons from beryllium can be ideally performed with a 124 Sb source, since the 1691 keV gamma ray (47.8 % branching ratio) emitted by 124 Sb is just on the first resonance of the 9 Be(c,n) cross section, and only 0.04 % of the emitted gamma rays are above the 2 H(c,n) threshold [4].…”

A selective optical sensor for beryllium determination based on incorporating of 1,8-dihydroxyanthrone in a poly (vinyl chloride) membrane

“…There are a lot of various techniques such as spectrophotometry [5], spectrofluorimetry [6], flame and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry [7,8], infrared spectrometry [9], ion activation analysis [10], photonuclear activation [11], inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry [12], gas chromatography [13], micellar electrokinetic chromatography [14], ion chromatography [15] and etc. for determination of beryllium.…”

Superior Sensor for Be2+ Ion Recognition via the Unprecedented Octahedral Crystal Structure of a One-Dimensional Coordination Polymer of Crown Fused Zinc Phthalocyanine

“…In the literature, trace amounts of Be 2+ ions have been detected by using fluorometry, − voltammetry, spectrophotometry, − atomic absorption spectrometry, , inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), electron capture detection gas chromatography, photonuclear activation, and potentiometry (with an ion-selective membrane electrode). − Despite the large number of reported methods, many of them recommended for determining trace amounts of Be are not very useful or practical due to the low sensitivity of the methods, poor matrix stability, long time consumption, difficulty in implementation, requirement of a masking agent to prevent interference with other metal ions, and high cost. , Due to these reasons, new chemical sensors with analytical properties such as selectivity, ultrasensitivity, long life, short response time, and wide linear spacing in the determination of Be 2+ ions as well as ease of manufacture and low cost are emerging and, most importantly, studies for practical applications are needed.…”