Determination of Cadmium (II) in Aqueous Solutions by In Situ MID-FTIR-PLS Analysis Using a Polymer Inclusion Membrane-Based Sensor: First Considerations

González-Albarrán, René; Gyves, Josefina de; Miguel, Eduardo Rodríguez de San

doi:10.3390/molecules25153436

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Even though, PLS modeling achieves to capture a significant fraction of variation due to Pb(II) concentration, being this method the most suitable for the simultaneous determination of all metal ions. To evaluate the presence of systematic errors, i.e., bias effects, the slope and intercept values of the regression equations of the parity plots for the test samples were subject to significant testing using a joined F-test for both statistical parameters (González-Albarrán et al, 2020). Table 2 summarizes the obtained results.…”

Section: Partial Least Squares Regressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous determination of Cu(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions using a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) based-sensor with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) as chromophore and chemometric methods

Mancilla-Rico

Miguel

2022

Front. Anal. Sci.

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Polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) are developed to be used as colorimetric sensors for the simultaneous determination and quantification of Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II) from aqueous solutions using chemometric methods. Different physical and chemical factors that influence the detection process of the analytes are studied, i.e., the concentration of the metal cation, the amount of membrane, and the pH of the solution. The most significant variables within the detection process in membrane sensors are those that are closely related to the chemical reaction of the detection, that is, the concentration of the metal cation and the number of active sites available in the optomembrane. The reversibility and durability of the signal are evaluated as well. The optomembrane reaches 95% of the optical signal attributed to the process of formation of the different colorful complexes in 20 min, regardless of the metal cation. The optomembrane of CTA—TEHP—PAN presents a very narrow linear interval of response to the concentration of the cations, Zn(II) and Cu(II) ranging from 0.6 to 6 ppm; for higher concentrations the polymeric detector presents saturation. The response of the sensor to different concentrations of Pb(II) is not linear, which can be attributed to the lack of chemical affinity to generate the complex in the polymer film. The simultaneous determination of the three metal cations by three chemometric methods [multivariate curve resolution (MCR), artificial neural networks (ANNs) and partial least squares (PLS)] is performed with an experimental central composite design matrix at five levels and three experimental factors. The construction of the quantification model is carried out from the information obtained from the VIS spectrum of the PIMs exposed to the aqueous solutions. The predictive power of the quantification models for each of the metal cations is evaluated contemplating the determination coefficient (R2) and the root mean square error (RMSE) values. Results favors the use of the PLS algorithm, although due to the competition for the actives sites of the chromophore, Pb(II) determination is not satisfactorily acomplished. Principal component analysis (PCA) is in addition employed to visualize patterns in the synthesized membranes.

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Section: Partial Least Squares Regressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous determination of Cu(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions using a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) based-sensor with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) as chromophore and chemometric methods

Mancilla-Rico

Miguel

2022

Front. Anal. Sci.

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“…An average weight of (135.86 ± 2.05) mg, an average thickness of (95 ± 15) µm, and an average diameter of (3.00 ± 0.02) cm were determined (n = 54). The PIM thickness is almost double that previously reported in a similar sensor [ 30 ] to enhance the detectability of the analyte.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…In previous work, the capabilities of a PIM sensor to perform cadmium(II) determination in aqueous solutions by in-situ visible (VIS) and mid-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (MID-FTIR) analyses of the polymeric films using a partial least squares (PLS) chemometric approach were demonstrated [ 30 ]. One major advantage of the developed MID-FTIR-PLS PIM-based method was that it did not require the presence in the membrane of a chemical reagent with special properties, either a chromophore species that can complex the metal ion, i.e., acting as an ionophore [ 14 , 31 ], or a mixture of an ionophore and a chromophore in the same PIM [ 32 ], or a fluorescent reagent [ 33 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One major advantage of the developed MID-FTIR-PLS PIM-based method was that it did not require the presence in the membrane of a chemical reagent with special properties, either a chromophore species that can complex the metal ion, i.e., acting as an ionophore [ 14 , 31 ], or a mixture of an ionophore and a chromophore in the same PIM [ 32 ], or a fluorescent reagent [ 33 ]. However, to extend the potentiality of the methodology to low analyte concentration ranges, a careful selection of the dielectric nature of the medium and the dipole moment of the bond associated with IR vibrations of the extracted complex was suggested [ 30 ], so that an increase in the band intensities could be achieved, i.e., an augment in the magnitude of the analytical signal, improving the detection capabilities of these sensors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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MID-FTIR-PLS Chemometric Analysis of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solutions Using a Polymer Inclusion Membrane-Based Sensor

Martínez de la Peña,

Rodríguez de San Miguel,

de Gyves

2023

Membranes

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A partial least squares (PLS) quantitative chemometric method based on the analysis of the mid-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (MID-FTIR) spectrum of polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) used for the extraction of Cr(VI) from aqueous media is developed. The system previously optimized considering the variables membrane composition, extraction time, and pH, is characterized in terms of its adsorption isotherm, distribution coefficient, extraction percent, and enrichment factor. A Langmuir-type adsorption behavior with KL = 2199 cm3/mmol, qmax = 0.188 mmol/g, and 0 < RL < 1 indicates that metal adsorption is favorable. The characterization of the extraction reaction is performed as well, showing a 1:1 Cr(VI):Aliquat 336 ratio, in agreement with solvent extraction data. The principal component analysis (PCA) of the PIMs reveals a complex pattern, which is satisfactorily simplified and related to Cr(VI) concentrations through the use of a variable selection method (iPLS) in which the bands in the ranges 3451–3500 cm−1 and 3751–3800 cm−1 are chosen. The final PLS model, including the 100 wavelengths selected by iPLS and 10 latent variables, shows excellent parameter values with root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 3.73115, root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV) of 6.82685, bias of −1.91847 × 10−13, cross-validation (CV) bias of 0.185947, R2 Cal of 0.98145, R2 CV of 0.940902, recovery% of 104.02 ± 4.12 (α = 0.05), sensitivity% of 0.001547 ppb, analytical sensitivity (γ) of 3.8 ppb, γ−1: 0.6 ppb−1, selectivity of 0.0155, linear range of 5.8–100 ppb, limit of detection (LD) of 1.9 ppb, and limit of quantitation (LQ) of 5.8 ppb. The developed PIM sensor is easy to implement as it requires few manipulations and a reduced number of chemical compounds in comparison to other similar reported systems.

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“…This approach, called solid phase extraction, has been applied to Zn and Cr(VI) extraction with PIMs embedded with di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) [ 4 ] and with trioctylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) [ 5 ], respectively. In the same manner, Cd [ 6 ], Hg [ 7 ], and Cr [ 8 ] preconcentration with PIMs containing different extractants has also been demonstrated, and these last three studies were aimed at monitoring metals by measuring analytical signals related to metal concentrations directly in the PIM phase, which represents a great advantage for monitoring purposes since no elution step is needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Characterization of Nanoparticle-Doped Polymer Inclusion Membranes. Application to the Removal of Arsenate and Phosphate from Waters

et al. 2021

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Nanoparticle-doped polymer inclusion membranes (NP-PIMs) have been prepared and characterized as new materials for the removal of arsenate and phosphate from waters. PIMs are made of a polymer, cellulose triacetate (CTA), and an extractant, which interacts with the compound of interest. We have used the ionic liquid (IL) trioctylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) as the extractant and have investigated how the addition of nanoparticles can modify membrane properties. To this end, inorganic nanoparticles, such as ferrite (Fe3O4), SiO2 and TiO2, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), were blended with the polymer/extractant mixture. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and contact angle measurements have been used to characterize the material. Moreover, PIM stability was checked by measuring the mass loss during the experiments. Since Aliquat 336 acts as an anion exchanger, the NP-PIMs have been explored in two different applications: (i) as sorbent materials for the extraction of arsenate and phosphate anions; (ii) as an organic phase for the separation of arsenate and phosphate in a three-phase system. The presence of oleate-coated ferrite NP in the PIM formulation represents an improvement in the efficiency of NP-PIMs used as sorbents; nevertheless, a decrease in the transport efficiency for arsenate but not for phosphate was obtained. The ease with which the NP-PIMs are prepared suggests good potential for future applications in the treatment of polluted water. Future work will address three main aspects: firstly, the implementation of the Fe3O4-PIMs for the removal of As(V) in real water containing complex matrices; secondly, the study of phosphate recovery with other cell designs that allow large volumes of contaminated water to be treated; and thirdly, the investigation of the role of MWCNTs in PIM stability.

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Determination of Cadmium (II) in Aqueous Solutions by In Situ MID-FTIR-PLS Analysis Using a Polymer Inclusion Membrane-Based Sensor: First Considerations

Cited by 13 publications

References 61 publications

Simultaneous determination of Cu(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions using a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) based-sensor with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) as chromophore and chemometric methods

Simultaneous determination of Cu(II), Zn(II), and Pb(II) from aqueous solutions using a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) based-sensor with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) as chromophore and chemometric methods

MID-FTIR-PLS Chemometric Analysis of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solutions Using a Polymer Inclusion Membrane-Based Sensor

Preparation and Characterization of Nanoparticle-Doped Polymer Inclusion Membranes. Application to the Removal of Arsenate and Phosphate from Waters

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