Determination of Cadmium in Biological Samples

Klotz, K.; Weistenhöfer, Wobbeke; Drexler, Hans

doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_4

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and, sometimes, atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) are used for the determination of cadmium in biological samples. Other techniques that may be used are anodic stripping voltammetry, neutron activation analysis, and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry [18].…”

Section: Methods and Problems Of Chemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of effects of cadmium on human health (IUPAC Technical Report)

Nordberg

Bernard

Diamond³

et al. 2018

Pure and Applied Chemistry

175

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Chemistry and Human Health, Division VII of the International Union on Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), provides guidance on risk assessment methodology and, as appropriate, assessment of risks to human health from chemicals of exceptional toxicity. The aim of this document is to describe dose-response relationships for the health effects of low-level exposure to cadmium, in particular, with an emphasis on causation. The term “cadmium” in this document includes all chemical species of cadmium, as well as those in cadmium compounds. Diet is the main source of cadmium exposure in the general population. Smokers and workers in cadmium industries have additional exposure. Adverse effects have been shown in populations with high industrial or environmental exposures. Epidemiological studies in general populations have also reported statistically significant associations with a number of adverse health effects at low exposures. Cadmium is recognized as a human carcinogen, a classification mainly based on occupational studies of lung cancer. Other cancers have been reported, but dose-response relationships cannot be defined. Cardiovascular disease has been associated with cadmium exposure in recent epidemiological studies, but more evidence is needed in order to establish causality. Adequate evidence of dose-response relationships is available for kidney effects. There is a relationship between cadmium exposure and kidney effects in terms of low molecular mass (LMM) proteinuria. Long-term cadmium exposures with urine cadmium of 2 nmol mmol−1creatinine cause such effects in a susceptible part of the population. Higher exposures result in increases in the size of these effects. This assessment is supported by toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic (TKTD) modelling. Associations between urine cadmium lower than 2 nmol mmol−1creatinine and LMM proteinuria are influenced by confounding by co-excretion of cadmium with protein. A number of epidemiological studies, including some on low exposures, have reported statistically significant associations between cadmium exposure and bone demineralization and fracture risk. Exposures leading to urine cadmium of 5 nmol mmol−1creatinine and more increase the risk of bone effects. Similar associations at much lower urine cadmium levels have been reported. However, complexities in the cause and effect relationship mean that a no-effect level cannot be defined. LMM proteinuria was selected as the critical effect for cadmium, thus identifying the kidney cortex as the critical organ, although bone effects may occur at exposure levels similar to those giving rise to kidney effects. To avoid these effects, population exposures should not exceed that resulting in cadmium values in urine of more than 2 nmol mmol−1creatinine. As cadmium is carcinogenic, a ‘safe’ exposure level cannot be defined. We therefore recommend that cadmium exposures be kept as low as possible. Because the safety margin for toxic effects in kidney and bone is small, or non-existent, in many populations around the world, there is a need to reduce cadmium pollution globally.

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Section: Methods and Problems Of Chemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of effects of cadmium on human health (IUPAC Technical Report)

Nordberg

Bernard

Diamond³

et al. 2018

Pure and Applied Chemistry

175

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“…1,2,3 This kind of information can be obtained through the analysis of blood, as blood is the medium for the transport of essential and toxic trace elements. 1 The elemental determination in blood samples has been carried out through techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry, 4,5,6,7,8 total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF), 5,9 or hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG-AFS) 10 . However, due to the increasing demand in the number of elements to be determined in blood, alternative analytical methods are needed.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), 5,11,12 and, particularly, Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) 5,13,14,15,16,17 offer multi-elemental measurement capability, low detection limits, 18 wide dynamic range and short analysis time. 16 However, these techniques suffer from spectral as well as non-spectral interferences that may degrade the accuracy of blood analysis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of whole blood by ICP-MS equipped with a high temperature total sample consumption system

Cañabate

García-Ruiz

Resano

et al. 2017

J. Anal. At. Spectrom.

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“…Also, our results were in accordance with another study who found higher serum Cd concentration among the workers exposed to Cd compared to controls [ 22 ]. Other investigators [ 19 , 23 ] found a linear correlation between Cd concentration in serum and urine. The data is consistent with our finding where a significant positive correlation was found between the Cd concentrations in the serum and urine for the exposed group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Effect of Occupational Cadmium Exposure on Parathyroid Gland

Ibrahim¹,

Beshir²,

Shahy³

et al. 2016

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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BACKGROUND:Cadmium (Cd) is used in many industries. High-level exposure is associated with severe kidney and bone damage.AIM:This study investigates the possible effect of occupational cadmium exposure on parathyroid gland and some minerals in workers.METHODS:Environmental air monitoring of cadmium was done. Serum and urine cadmium levels, kidney function, some minerals, and plasma parathormone were estimated in the studied groups.RESULTS:The exposed workers had significantly higher Cd concentration in serum and urine than controls. The mean levels of plasma parathyroid hormone, serum phosphorus and magnesium were significantly lower among the exposed group. However, the mean levels of serum creatinine and calcium were significantly higher in the same group when compared to referents. There was a significant positive correlation between Cd concentration in the serum and urine for the exposed group. The biological Cd exposure indices correlated positively with serum calcium and negatively with plasma PTH level. The prevalence of musculoskeletal complaints, bone ache, joint pain and muscle spasm were more prevalent among the exposed workers compared with the controls with odds ratio 4.316, 3.053 and 3.103 respectively.CONCLUSIONS:Occupational cadmium exposure has an adverse effect on PTH level and serum human minerals.

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Determination of Cadmium in Biological Samples

Cited by 20 publications

References 57 publications

Risk assessment of effects of cadmium on human health (IUPAC Technical Report)

Risk assessment of effects of cadmium on human health (IUPAC Technical Report)

Analysis of whole blood by ICP-MS equipped with a high temperature total sample consumption system

Effect of Occupational Cadmium Exposure on Parathyroid Gland

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