Determination of chloride in crude oil using isotope dilution GC–MS: A comparative study

Gajdosechova, Zuzana; Dutta, Moumita; López-Linares, Francisco; Mello, Paola A.; Iop, Gabrielle D.; Flores, Érico M.M.; Mester, Zoltán

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119167

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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Section: Challenges Opportunities and Future Directivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As per the standard refinery practices, inorganic chlo- ride content is majorly determined by ion chromatography (IC). However, recent literatures also highlight the use of GC-MS based method and ICP-OES based method to determine the inorganic chloride content [50][51][52]. (c) Chloride guard bed efficiency: Meanwhile, organic chloride containing (1 ppm) crude is typically passed through chloride guard bed absorber at the upstream of HTU.…”

Section: Commercial Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As per the standard refinery practices, inorganic chloride content is majorly determined by ion chromatography (IC). However, recent literatures also highlight the use of GC‐MS based method and ICP‐OES based method to determine the inorganic chloride content 50–52. Chloride guard bed efficiency: Meanwhile, organic chloride containing (1 ppm) crude is typically passed through chloride guard bed absorber at the upstream of HTU. Constant monitoring of chloride content at the outlet of guard bed chloride absorber is important. Prevention of unwanted chloride ingress: In addition, in‐situ organic chloride ingress could be circumvented through monitoring the leakage (if any) of chloriding agent drum in reformer/ isomerization units 21.…”

Section: Challenges Opportunities and Future Directivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organic Chlorides in Petroleum Crude Oil: Challenges for Refinery and Mitigations

et al. 2022

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Crude oils contain chloride impurities, including some organic components termed as ‘organic chloride'. Owing to the high dissociation energy of the C‐Cl bond, organic chlorides are very difficult to remove during the desalting process unlike inorganic chloride salts. Failure to properly remove organic chlorides could have a significant adverse effect on petroleum refinery equipment in terms of corrosion during crude oil processing. Therefore, stringent specification of organic chlorides is being maintained throughout the refining process to avoid corrosion‐related incidents. Generally, a guard bed column is used for the removal of organic chlorides in the downstream of the refining process. Guard bed columns are comprised of metal oxide‐based components that operate at a very high temperature. In contrast, a phase transfer catalyst (PTC)‐based process for organic chloride removal at the upstream of the refining process is established up to lab‐scale and with model compounds only. This review is aimed to highlight the technical challenges associated with organic chloride contamination in refining processes and plausible methods and techniques available for smooth refining operations.

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Section: Challenges Opportunities and Future Directivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Commercial Technologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Challenges Opportunities and Future Directivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Organic Chlorides in Petroleum Crude Oil: Challenges for Refinery and Mitigations

et al. 2022

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“…Very recently, an isotope dilution headspace GC-MS method was developed to determine inorganic chloride in crude oils with a LOQ of 100 μg kg −1 . 15 Using mass balance, the contribution of organic chlorine to total Cl could be checked but no details on each chlorine species could be obtained. In the field of organic chlorine speciation for oil-derived samples, only a few studies have been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorine speciation in complex hydrocarbon matrices using GC-ICP-MS/MS

Souchon,

Maleval,

Chainet

et al. 2023

J. Anal. At. Spectrom.

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“…Considering these differences in physical–chemical properties, accurate knowledge about the speciation of inorganic and organic chlorides in crude oil and its fractions is invaluable for the management of chlorine-induced corrosion. For this reason, many analytical procedures, − including standard methods, − for chlorine speciation in crude oil can be found in the literature.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Conversion of Inorganic Chlorides into Organochlorine Compounds during Crude Oil Distillation: Myth or Reality?

2020

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In this communication, we reinterpreted the experimental findings offered by Wu et al. about the presence and distribution of organic chlorides in crude oil distillates (Distribution and identification of chlorides in distillates from YS crude oilWuB.LiY.LiX.ZhuJ. Wu, B. Li, Y. Li, X. Zhu, J. Energy Fuels20152913911396 and Organochlorine compounds with a low boiling point in desalted crude oil: Identification and conversionWuB.LiY.LiX.ZhuJ.MaR.HuS. Wu, B. Li, Y. Li, X. Zhu, J. Ma, R. Hu, S. Energy Fuels20183264756481). The results proposed by Wu et al. were examined employing a mass balance approach. From our preliminary analysis, we concluded that crude oil distillation may induce (significant) conversions of inorganic chloride into organic chlorides. Such an alteration in chlorine speciation could be relevant for managing corrosion issues in oil refineries.

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Determination of chloride in crude oil using isotope dilution GC–MS: A comparative study

Cited by 7 publications

References 15 publications

Organic Chlorides in Petroleum Crude Oil: Challenges for Refinery and Mitigations

Organic Chlorides in Petroleum Crude Oil: Challenges for Refinery and Mitigations

Chlorine speciation in complex hydrocarbon matrices using GC-ICP-MS/MS

Conversion of Inorganic Chlorides into Organochlorine Compounds during Crude Oil Distillation: Myth or Reality?

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