Determination of chlorophenols by solid-phase microextraction and liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

Sarrión, M.N; Santos, F.J.; Galcerán, M.T.

doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01609-0

Cited by 113 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In addition, CPs are generated during the chlorine treatment of drinking water [29]. Highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC), one of the many analytical methods available for the determination of CPs in water, has been widely used for the separation and determination of CPs [30][31][32][33], and is often coupled with various detectors such as ultraviolet (UV) [31,34], fluorescence [35], electrochemical [36], and mass spectroscopy [37]. However, because of the relatively low concentrations of most CPs and the inherent complexity in environmental water samples, a preconcentration step usually becomes necessary, prior to their analysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixed hemimicelles solid-phase extraction based on cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-coated nano-magnets Fe3O4 for the determination of chlorophenols in environmental water samples coupled with liquid chromatography/spectrophotometry detection

Zhao

Shi

et al. 2008

Journal of Chromatography A

194

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Mixed hemimicelles solid-phase extraction (SPE) based on cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-coated nano-magnets Fe 3 O 4 was investigated for the preconcentration of four chlorophenols (CPs) in environmental water samples prior to HPLC-spectrophotometry determination in this paper. By the rapid isolating (about 5 min) of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles (NPs) through placing a Nd-Fe-B strong magnet on the bottom of beaker, the time-consuming preconcentration process of loading large volume sample in conversional SPE method with a column can be avoided. The unique properties of Fe 3 O 4 NPs such as high surface area and strong magnetism were utilized adequately in the SPE process. This novel separation method produced a high preconcentration rate and factor. A comprehensive study of the adsorption conditions such as the Fe 3 O 4 NPs zeta-potential, CTAB added amounts, pH value, standing time and maximal extraction volume was also presented. Under optimized conditions, four analytes of 2-chlorophenol (2-CP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) were quantitatively extracted. The method was then used to determine four CPs in five real environmental water samples. High concentration factors (700) were achieved for each of the analytes, with observed detection limits ranging between 0.11 and 0.15 g L −1 . The accuracy of method was evaluated by recovery measurements on spiked samples. Good recovery results (83-98%) with satisfactory relative standard deviation (RSD) were achieved. It is important to note that satisfactory preconcentration factors and extraction recoveries for the four CPs were obtained with only a little amount of Fe 3 O 4 NPs (0.1 g) and CTAB (60 mg). To the best of our knowledge, this was the first time a mixed hemimicelles SPE method based on Fe 3 O 4 NPs magnetic separation had been used for the pretreatment of environmental water samples.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixed hemimicelles solid-phase extraction based on cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-coated nano-magnets Fe3O4 for the determination of chlorophenols in environmental water samples coupled with liquid chromatography/spectrophotometry detection

Zhao

Shi

et al. 2008

Journal of Chromatography A

194

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“…One of the most challenging developments in this area is solid-phase microextraction (SPME) which has found widespread analytical applications prior to chromatographic determination (Alpendurada, 2000;Canosa et al, 2006;Guillot et al, 2006;Lord and Pawliszyn, 2000). For SPME and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupling, an organic solvent or the mobile phase is used to desorb the analytes from the fiber using an interface or a off-line desorption (Popp et al, 2000;Sarrión et al, 2002). However, some authors have noted a peak broadening and tailing, particularly when dynamic desorption with mobile phase in a HPLC interface is used (Aresta et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupling of solid‐phase microextraction with micellar desorption and high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of pharmaceutical residues in environmental liquid samples

Torres-Padrón

Sosa‐Ferrera

Rodríguez

2009

Biomedical Chromatography

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A residue analytical method combining solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with external micellar desorption (MD) and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of six pharmaceutical compounds, belonging to various therapeutic categories in water samples. Target compounds include antiinflamatory drugs (ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen), an analgesic (phenazone), a lipid regulator (bezafibrate) and an antiepileptic (carbamazepine). A detailed study of the experimental conditions of extraction and desorption with different surfactants was performed in order to obtain the best results during instrumental analysis. Of the different fibers and surfactants investigated, 65 microm polydimethysiloxane-divinilbenzene (PDMS-DVB) fiber and polyoxyethylene 10 lauryl ether (POLE) and polyoxyethylene 6 lauryl ether (C(12)E(6)) as desorbing agents produced the optimal response to pharmaceutical residues. Recoveries obtained were generally higher than 80% and the variability of the method was below 16% for all compounds in both surfactants. Method detection limits were 0.05-12 ng mL(-1) for POLE and 0.1-5 ng mL(-1) for C(12)E(6). The developed method was compared using external desorption with organic solvent and it was successfully applied to the determination of these pharmaceutical compounds in water samples from different origin. Solid-phase microextraction with micellar desorption (SPME-MD) represents a new approach for the extraction of different pharmaceutical compounds in natural waters because it combines shorter handling time, better efficiency, safety and more environmentally friendly process than the traditional methods.

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“…Some researchers reported that addition of NaCl could enhance the extraction efficiency because of the saltingout effect [23,24]. However, the opposite conclusion was drawn by other investigators [22, 25 -27], possibly because the NaCl dissolved in the aqueous solution may have changed the physical properties of the Nernst diffusion film and reduced the rate of diffusion of the target analyte into the drop [25].…”

Section: Effect Of Salt Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 93%

Comparison of continuous‐flow microextraction and static liquid‐phase microextraction for the determination of p‐toluidine in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Liu

Chen

Yang

et al. 2007

J of Separation Science

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In this study, two microextraction methods, viz. continuous-flow microextraction (CFME) and static liquid-phase microextraction (s-LPME), were optimized and compared for the determination of p-toluidine in water and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii samples. The calibration curve for p-toluidine was linear in the concentration range of 0.01-5 microg/mL, and the squared regression coefficients (r(2)) for the lines were up to 0.999 for both CFME and s-LPME treatments. Detection limits in CFME and s-LPME were 8.2 ng/mL and 4.9 ng/mL, based on a signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio of 3, respectively. The precision was tested, in five replicates, by analysis of a 100-ng/mL standard solution of p-toluidine and the relative standard deviations were 5.43 and 3.08% for CFME and s-LPME, respectively. The concentration factors were 5.5 and 14.4 for CFME and s-LPME, respectively. s-LPME has a higher extraction efficiency, lower detection limit, and higher concentration factor than that of CFME. Additionally, the s-LPME method is precise and reproducible, and requires only a 3.0-microL microdrop of extraction solvent. Therefore, this procedure is more convenient in use, and viable for qualitative and quantitative analysis of p-toluidine in water and biota samples.

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Determination of chlorophenols by solid-phase microextraction and liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

Cited by 113 publications

References 27 publications

Mixed hemimicelles solid-phase extraction based on cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-coated nano-magnets Fe3O4 for the determination of chlorophenols in environmental water samples coupled with liquid chromatography/spectrophotometry detection

Mixed hemimicelles solid-phase extraction based on cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-coated nano-magnets Fe3O4 for the determination of chlorophenols in environmental water samples coupled with liquid chromatography/spectrophotometry detection

Coupling of solid‐phase microextraction with micellar desorption and high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of pharmaceutical residues in environmental liquid samples

Comparison of continuous‐flow microextraction and static liquid‐phase microextraction for the determination of p‐toluidine in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

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