Determination of Clomipramine using eco-friendly solid-contact ionophore-doped potentiometric sensor

Abstract

Introduction Clomipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant acting as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Its maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) is 13–310 ng/mL, the therapeutic range is 220–500 ng/mL and its toxic effect appears in doses above 900 ng/mL. Objectives The fabrication of eco-friendly solid-contact ion-selective electrodes to evaluate the concentration of Clomipramine in different matrices based on disposable screen-printed carbon electrode. Methods Disposable screen-printed carbon electrode was utilized as a substrate to fabricate the proposed sensors. The sensors were optimized to determine Clomipramine using calix[4]arene as an ionophore into PVC polymeric membrane to enhance selectivity towards the target analyte. The solid-contact sensor potential stability was improved by the incorporation of graphene nanoparticles transducer layer. Results The sensors were assessed as per the IUPAC recommendations. The linearity range was 1 × 10− 2 to 1 × 10− 5.3 M. The sensors were successfully applied to determine CLM in the pharmaceutical formulation. Furthermore, the ion selective electrodes were applied for Clompiramine assay in spiked plasma for the purpose of Point-of-Care testing to be a diagnostic tool for therapeutic monitoring of the cited central nervous system agent. The findings were statistically compared to the reported method showing no statistically significant difference. Conclusion This work was concerned with developing a green analytical method for the determination of Clomipramine. The proposed SC-ISE was mixed with graphene nanocomposite transducer interlayer. The graphene layer succeeded in preventing the formation of an aqueous layer so resulted in a stable, reproducible standard potential besides the rapid response time.

Ion-Selective All-Solid-State Printed Sensors: A Systematic Review

“…An interface material is usually printed between the electrodes and the ion-selective membrane, which allows ionic and electronic interaction between the various materials used. The most commonly used deposition technique for various interface materials is drop-casting [26], [27], [38]- [45], [47], [49], [29], [50], [53]- [57], [59], [60], [30]- [33], [35]- [37]. This technique is a simple, easy, and quick [64].…”

“…One effective solution employed by several works is the combination of PVC with specific ionophores, molecules that can bind a single target ion of interest [26], [27], [45], [47], [48], [51]- [53], [55], [57]- [59], [30], [60], [66], [31]- [33], [35], [40], [42], [44]. To maximize detection performance, it is recommended to have an ISM cocktail that generally includes 1-2% ionophore, 60-70% plasticizer, and 30-40% high molecular weight PVC.…”

“…Finally, Raquel B. Queirós et al used as a sensing membrane a sensing element, which is a plastic antibody designed by surface imprinting with carefully selected monomers to ensure a specific response [49]. Regarding fabrication techniques, drop-casting is still the most adopted [26], [27], [36]- [41], [43], [45]- [47], [28], [48]- [51], [53]- [55], [57], [59], [63], [29]- [35]. A limitation of this approach can be operator dependency, this appear not to be a problem since in all the paper evaluated simple geometries with millimetric dimensions are used for the WEs, making manual drop-casting sufficiently precise for the functionalization.…”

“…Its value is included in the range between 0 (completely uncorrelated) and 1 (perfectly correlated), and it defines the goodness of the linear regression, guiding the definition of the most suitable linear working range. In some works, linearity evaluation is extended and it includes other quantitative parameters related to the regression line, such as the intercept, the slope, and other specific metrological characteristics such as precision, repeatability, and accuracy [45]. These additional characteristics are in most cases considered separately, since they are not strictly related to the linear behavior of the sensor.…”

Design Criteria for Nanostructured Carbon Materials as Solid Contacts for Ion‐Selective Sensors

“…Graphene, the building block of all of the carbon materials of interest for ISEs, but most clearly that of graphite, may appear to be another obvious choice for solid contacts (Figure 7e,f). [ 103,117–125 ] As a 2D semimetal, it is an excellent conductor of electricity along its plane and has a very high theoretical specific surface area of 2630 m 2 g −1 . However, when deposited on a substrate, these sheets tend to form multiple layers, resulting in lower accessible surface areas.…”