Determination of compounding formulation of cured rubber by reverse engineering

Datta, Sanjoy; Stoček, Radek; Kuřitka, Ivo; Sáha, Petr

doi:10.1002/pen.24092

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Truck tires can be made of blends of NR with SBR and BR, which have characteristic bands at 990, 962, 909 and 741 cm −1 . 19,20 According to ASTM D3677, bands from 980 cm −1 to 965 cm −1 are assigned to vibration of C–H link from carbons of butadiene double bond. The characteristic bands of a SBR spectrum are 1490, 962, 909, 758 and 699 cm −1 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of waste tire rubber devulcanized in twin-screw extruder with thermoplastics

Nunes

Santos

Pereira

et al. 2018

Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology

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Waste tire rubber (WTR) supplied by a truck tire retreader were processed in an intermeshing co-rotating twin-screw extruder (ICTSE). The extrusion process evaluated the efficiency of the thermomechanical recycling in the devulcanization of WTR rubbers. Samples were prepared by varying the process parameters, the particles sizes and thermoplastics, and the latter was used as devulcanization auxiliary agents. After extrusion, samples were subjected to solvent extraction to determine the soluble fraction (SF). Subsequently, these SF were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The highest SF (29 wt%) was obtained with higher screw rotating speed and with smaller particle size. Higher SF indicated a higher degree of devulcanization. The FTIR and DSC analyses showed that natural rubber was the main rubber extracted from extruded samples. In addition, polypropylene was more effective than low-density polyethylene in the devulcanization process, promoting higher SF.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of waste tire rubber devulcanized in twin-screw extruder with thermoplastics

Nunes

Santos

Pereira

et al. 2018

Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology

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“…It was reported that the addition of DCSBR with NR decreased tensile elongation at break (E b ), while the hardness was enhanced over the control sample. Sanjoy Datta et al 2 studied the material loss and absorbance bands in the various proportions of developed NR/SBR composites (100/0, 30/70, 50/50, and 70/30) using TGA and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of mechanical properties and microstructural analysis of polymeric waste strengthened hybrid composites

Kaliyappan

Dhananchezian

2023

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics

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In this work, investigated the mechanical properties and microstructure of Ground Tyre Rubber (GTR) i.e. polymeric waste blended with Natural Rubber (NR), Butadiene Rubber (BR), and Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) composites. A two-roll mill and hydraulic press were used to create NR (70 parts per hundred of rubber (phr)) composites with 25 phr of BR and 5 phr of SBR and various proportions of GTR (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 phr). With the incorporation of Nylon 6 (Ny 6) at 5 phr, the interfacial adhesion of NR/BR/SBR composites was improved. NR-based hybrid composites with mechanical and curing properties were enhanced and compared with pure NR. It was noted that the maximum tensile strength, tear strength, and hardness were enhanced by 77.74%, 17.9%, and 36.4% in NR/BR/SBR/GTR (70/25/5/40) over pure NR. The elongation at break was decreased by 54.55%, while young’s modulus was enhanced in NR/BR/SBR/GTR (70/25/5/40) over pure NR. With the incorporation of 40 phr of GTR in the NR/BR/SBR composites, cure properties like scorch time (tS2) and cure time (tC90) were reduced by 53.97% and 65.71%, while the minimum torque (ML) and maximum torque (MH) were enriched by 13.35% and 12%, respectively, when compared with the pure NR. Based on the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), GTR particles were uniformly distributed, and the thermal stability was enhanced by 25.40% in NR/BR/SBR/GTR (70/25/5/40) composites over pure NR. The absorption bands of NR, BR, SBR, and GTR elements in the developed hybrid composite were identified by Fourier transform infrared. The glass transition temperature (Tg) was diminished from -58.17°C to -63.42°C. With the inclusion of 40 phr of GTR in the NR/BR/SBR composite. Finally, it was recommended that the incorporation of 40 phr of GTR is suitable for NR/BR/SBR composites.

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“…[8] Despite the low reuse and recycling rates, recovered waste tires can be source of valuable raw materials: part of the worn tires is, indeed, still suitable for the on-road applications and it can be, therefore, reused. [9] From the economical point of view, retreading is the most viable way of using ELT since it requires only 30% of energy and 25% of raw materials with respect to the production of a new tire. [10] Several other techniques have been carried out to use ELT, for examples, recycling, [11] reclamation, [12][13][14] devulcanization, [15][16][17] energy recovery, [18,19] and pyrolysis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the role of devulcanized rubber on the thermomechanical properties of expanded ethylene‐propylene diene monomers composites

Valentini

Dorigato

Rigotti

et al. 2020

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Various amounts of both devulcanized (DR) and non‐devulcanized (NDR) recycled rubber were melt compounded with a virgin ethylene‐propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber. The resulting compounds were then expanded by using azodicarbonamide. The role played by the presence of DR or NDR on the thermomechanical properties of the obtained materials was evaluated. Electron scanning microscope micrographs highlighted that DR particles were better encapsulated within the EPDM matrix with respect to the corresponding NDR ones. Moreover, a better interfacial adhesion was observed with DR, probably due the re‐vulcanization process in which the free crosslinking sites that typically characterize DR could form linkages with the EPDM matrix. Tensile impact behavior of expanded EPDM/recycled rubber blends highlighted a strong improvement of the normalized total absorbed energy, of the normalized impact strength and of the elongation at break with respect to the neat expanded EPDM for all the investigated compositions, and especially with a DR content of 20 wt%. The preparation of expanded EPDM containing considerable amounts of devulcanized rubber was, therefore, demonstrated to be a practical route to reduce the costs and improve the properties and the environmental sustainability of rubber products.

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Determination of compounding formulation of cured rubber by reverse engineering

Cited by 6 publications

References 25 publications

Characterization of waste tire rubber devulcanized in twin-screw extruder with thermoplastics

Characterization of waste tire rubber devulcanized in twin-screw extruder with thermoplastics

Investigation of mechanical properties and microstructural analysis of polymeric waste strengthened hybrid composites

Evaluation of the role of devulcanized rubber on the thermomechanical properties of expanded ethylene‐propylene diene monomers composites

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