Abstract:An anion-exchange chromatographic method has been developed for simultaneous analysis of cyanuric acid (CA) and five inorganic anions (F -, Cl -, NO3 -
“…1 , anions like fluoride, acetate, bromide, nitrate, and sulfate at selected levels exerted no significant impacts on the detection of CYA because they have completely different retention times. Compared to previous CYA detection methods, which also employed IC columns ( Debowski and Gerber, 1993 ; Koebel and Elsener, 1995 ; Wang et al, 2010 ), this study detected not only CYA but also FC as well as other anions, therefore enabling reliable detection of both CYA and FC. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 88%
“…Figure S2 shows the calibration curves of FC and chloride with correlation coefficient of determination (R 2 ) over 0.97, indicating that both FC and chloride can be measured with high confidence. Compared to earlier literatures, although IC was used to analyze CYA too before ( Koebel and Elsener, 1995 ; Wang et al, 2010 ), this study is the first study in reporting detections of CYA, FC, and chloride together in just one run.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 97%
“… unavailable 0.1 mg/L Koebel and Elsener (1995) IC-CM The method used an AEC, a carbonate buffer as eluent, and a CM detector for the determination of CYA and anions (fluoride, formate, nitrite, hydrogen phosphate, sulfate) in milk powder. 0.1–100 mg/L 0.083 mg/L Wang et al (2010) …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…According to the 5th principle of green chemistry, a removal of solvents from chemical laboratories or replacing them with safer alternatives is preferred whenever possible ( Pena-Pereira et al, 2015 ). Up to date, three literatures ( Debowski and Gerber, 1993 ; Koebel and Elsener, 1995 ; Wang et al, 2010 ) have applied IC columns to detect CYA but none has used IC for FC analysis. Moreover, these studies used eluents with relatively high background noise, such as methanol ( Debowski and Gerber, 1993 ), phosphate ( Koebel and Elsener, 1995 ), and carbonate/bicarbonate ( Wang et al, 2010 ), so that their MDLs (≥0.083 mg/L) for CYA detection were still high ( Wang et al, 2010 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Up to date, three literatures ( Debowski and Gerber, 1993 ; Koebel and Elsener, 1995 ; Wang et al, 2010 ) have applied IC columns to detect CYA but none has used IC for FC analysis. Moreover, these studies used eluents with relatively high background noise, such as methanol ( Debowski and Gerber, 1993 ), phosphate ( Koebel and Elsener, 1995 ), and carbonate/bicarbonate ( Wang et al, 2010 ), so that their MDLs (≥0.083 mg/L) for CYA detection were still high ( Wang et al, 2010 ). With the advent of electrodialytic eluent generator (EDG), IC has recently been empowered to produce high purity potassium hydroxide (KOH) as eluent so that its suppression product is essentially pure water, leading to much lower noise level and significantly higher signal to noise ratio when the conductivity (CM) detector is employed relative to carbonate, phosphorus, and organic solvent-based eluents.…”
Chlorinated cyanurates (CCAs) are a type of disinfectants currently used worldwide for fight of Coronavirus. However, CCAs upon dosed into water can release not only free chlorine (FC), a strong disinfectant, but also cyanurate (CYA), a persistent compound potentially harmful to human and environment. Therefore, detecting CYA and FC in water are very important not only for ensuring sufficient disinfection but also for monitoring the impacts of FC and CYA on receiving watershed. However, conventional analytical methods for them are mostly based on colorimetric methods, which have high method detection limits (MDLs) and rely on chemical reactions that are likely sensitive to coexisting chemicals. To overcome these issues, we herein proposed a facile and reaction-free method to detect CYA and FC together in just one run by ion chromatography (IC) equipped with both conductivity and ultraviolet absorbance detectors. The method features obvious advantages over colorimetric methods in being lower MDLs (3.6 μg/L for CYA and 9.0 μg/L for FC), environmental-friendly (i.e., no organic solvent involved), and more resistant to alkaline solution. With this method, trace levels of CYA (i.e., 34–44 μg/L), which were nondetectable by conventional method, were found in two river water samples, implying that the local environment was already polluted by CCAs during the pandemic period. Overall, this study demonstrates a robust tool that may assist better understanding and monitoring the fate and transport of trace CCA derivatives in water.
“…1 , anions like fluoride, acetate, bromide, nitrate, and sulfate at selected levels exerted no significant impacts on the detection of CYA because they have completely different retention times. Compared to previous CYA detection methods, which also employed IC columns ( Debowski and Gerber, 1993 ; Koebel and Elsener, 1995 ; Wang et al, 2010 ), this study detected not only CYA but also FC as well as other anions, therefore enabling reliable detection of both CYA and FC. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 88%
“…Figure S2 shows the calibration curves of FC and chloride with correlation coefficient of determination (R 2 ) over 0.97, indicating that both FC and chloride can be measured with high confidence. Compared to earlier literatures, although IC was used to analyze CYA too before ( Koebel and Elsener, 1995 ; Wang et al, 2010 ), this study is the first study in reporting detections of CYA, FC, and chloride together in just one run.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 97%
“… unavailable 0.1 mg/L Koebel and Elsener (1995) IC-CM The method used an AEC, a carbonate buffer as eluent, and a CM detector for the determination of CYA and anions (fluoride, formate, nitrite, hydrogen phosphate, sulfate) in milk powder. 0.1–100 mg/L 0.083 mg/L Wang et al (2010) …”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…According to the 5th principle of green chemistry, a removal of solvents from chemical laboratories or replacing them with safer alternatives is preferred whenever possible ( Pena-Pereira et al, 2015 ). Up to date, three literatures ( Debowski and Gerber, 1993 ; Koebel and Elsener, 1995 ; Wang et al, 2010 ) have applied IC columns to detect CYA but none has used IC for FC analysis. Moreover, these studies used eluents with relatively high background noise, such as methanol ( Debowski and Gerber, 1993 ), phosphate ( Koebel and Elsener, 1995 ), and carbonate/bicarbonate ( Wang et al, 2010 ), so that their MDLs (≥0.083 mg/L) for CYA detection were still high ( Wang et al, 2010 ).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Up to date, three literatures ( Debowski and Gerber, 1993 ; Koebel and Elsener, 1995 ; Wang et al, 2010 ) have applied IC columns to detect CYA but none has used IC for FC analysis. Moreover, these studies used eluents with relatively high background noise, such as methanol ( Debowski and Gerber, 1993 ), phosphate ( Koebel and Elsener, 1995 ), and carbonate/bicarbonate ( Wang et al, 2010 ), so that their MDLs (≥0.083 mg/L) for CYA detection were still high ( Wang et al, 2010 ). With the advent of electrodialytic eluent generator (EDG), IC has recently been empowered to produce high purity potassium hydroxide (KOH) as eluent so that its suppression product is essentially pure water, leading to much lower noise level and significantly higher signal to noise ratio when the conductivity (CM) detector is employed relative to carbonate, phosphorus, and organic solvent-based eluents.…”
Chlorinated cyanurates (CCAs) are a type of disinfectants currently used worldwide for fight of Coronavirus. However, CCAs upon dosed into water can release not only free chlorine (FC), a strong disinfectant, but also cyanurate (CYA), a persistent compound potentially harmful to human and environment. Therefore, detecting CYA and FC in water are very important not only for ensuring sufficient disinfection but also for monitoring the impacts of FC and CYA on receiving watershed. However, conventional analytical methods for them are mostly based on colorimetric methods, which have high method detection limits (MDLs) and rely on chemical reactions that are likely sensitive to coexisting chemicals. To overcome these issues, we herein proposed a facile and reaction-free method to detect CYA and FC together in just one run by ion chromatography (IC) equipped with both conductivity and ultraviolet absorbance detectors. The method features obvious advantages over colorimetric methods in being lower MDLs (3.6 μg/L for CYA and 9.0 μg/L for FC), environmental-friendly (i.e., no organic solvent involved), and more resistant to alkaline solution. With this method, trace levels of CYA (i.e., 34–44 μg/L), which were nondetectable by conventional method, were found in two river water samples, implying that the local environment was already polluted by CCAs during the pandemic period. Overall, this study demonstrates a robust tool that may assist better understanding and monitoring the fate and transport of trace CCA derivatives in water.
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