Determination of eight illegal drugs in human urine by combination of magnetic solid‐phase extraction with capillary zone electrophoresis

Abstract

Using magnetite/silica/poly(methacrylic acid-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (Fe(3)O(4)/SiO(2)/poly(MAA-co-EDMA)) magnetic microspheres, a rapid and high-throughput magnetic solid-phase extraction coupled with capillary zone electrophoresis (MSPE-CZE) method was developed for the determination of illegal drugs (ketamine, amphetamines, opiates, and metabolites). The MSPE of target analytes could be completed within 2 min, and the eight target analytes could be baseline separated within 15 min by CZE with 30 mM phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 2.0) containing 15% v/v ACN as background electrolyte. Furthermore, hydrodynamic injection with field-amplified sample stacking (FASS) was employed to enhance the sensitivity of this MSPE-CZE method. Under such optimal conditions, the limits of detection for the eight target analytes ranged from 0.015 to 0.105 μg/mL. The application feasibility of MSPE-CZE in illegal drugs monitoring was demonstrated by analyzing urine samples, and the recoveries of target drugs for the spiked sample ranging from 85.4 to 110.1%. The method reproducibility was tested by evaluating the intra- and interday precisions, and relative standard deviations of <10.3 and 12.4%, respectively, were obtained. To increase throughput of the analysis, a home-made MSPE array that has potential application to the treatment of 96 samples simultaneously was used.

Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction Applications Combined With Analytical Methods for Determination of Drugs in Different Matrices Review

“…The MNPs were graphene oxide coated Fe3O4. They were synthesized according to Hummer's method (35) and characterized by FTIR and TEM. This method provides the evaluation of milk quality as a food product (68).…”

Recent advances in enhancing the sensitivity of electrophoresis and electrochromatography in capillaries and microchips (2010–2012)

“…Due to its ease of use it can be coupled with off‐line pre‐concentration techniques such as Soxhlet's extraction and sub‐critical water extraction as well as other approaches. For example, Chen et al developed rapid high‐throughput magnetic SPE (mSPE) coupled with CE for the determination of illegal drugs. A homemade mSPE array was used that has potential application to the treatment of 96 samples simultaneously.…”

Contemporary sample stacking in analytical electrophoresis

“…The observed LODs ranged from 14.7 to 313.4 nM and sensitivity enhancements compared to normal injection ranged from 116‐ to 281‐fold. Chen et al developed a rapid and high‐throughput magnetic SPE‐CZE method for the determination of illegal drugs (ketamine, amphetamines, opiates, and metabolites) using magnetite/silica/poly(methacrylic acid‐co‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) magnetic microspheres. Hydrodynamic injection with FASS was employed to enhance the sensitivity using 30 mM phosphate at pH 2.0, containing 15% v/v ACN, as the BGE.…”