Determination of essential and toxic elements in products of milling wheat

Abstract

In the production bread wheat bran is used as a raw material rich in dietary fiber. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the content of essential and toxic elements in the flour and bran. This paper investigates essential (Zn, Cu, Fe and Mn) and toxic (Pb, Cd, Hg and As) elements in products of milling wheat grown in the whole territory of Banat, the region in Serbia. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry was used for analysis. The mean contents of the following elements Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Fe, Mn and Zn in wheat kernels were 0.143 mg/kg, 0.007 mg/kg, 0.017 mg/kg, 35.7643 mg/kg, 50.865 mg/kg, and 21.174 mg/kg, respectively. Cluster Analysis (CA) and Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to discriminate and to group the different samples, according to element content. Quality results show that the first two principal components, accounting for 80.17% of the total variance, can be considered sufficient for data representation and the first two principal components of toxic elements and essential microelements. Cd (15.28%), Zn (17.91%), Cu (17.08), Fe (16.91%) and Mn (17.54%), have been found the most influential for the first factor coordinate calculation, while the contribution of Pb (27.93%) and Hg (61.86%) has been the most important variable for the second factor coordinate calculation. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, TRI 46005]

Potential toxic elements (PTEs) concentration in wheat and flour products in Iran: A probabilistic risk assessment

“…Ludajić et al. [ 23 ], reported Zn concentration in the bran is higher 11 times than in the flour. This is in agreement with what is observed by Tóth [ 17 ], who showed Zn concentration varied in the range from 17.6 to 33.7 mg/kg in wheat grains.…”

“…In another study, the content of Fe, as the second metal in Sweden's wheat flour and wheat bran, was found between 12.4 and 240.4 mg/kg in bran and 6.76–20.1 mg/kg in wheat flour. Also, a significant reduction of Fe was observed [ 23 ].…”

Dietary Intake and Content of Cu, Mn, Fe, and Zn in Selected Cereal Products Marketed in Poland

“…Grembecka et al [ 60 ] recounted that 100 g of bread supplied 9.57–20% RDA Fe and 5.41–15.3% RDA Zn to an adult Pole, depending on the type of bread (more in the case of whole meal bread). Studies carried out in Serbia revealed that bread and baked goods covered 10–22% of the daily requirement of Zn, 11–30% of Cu, and 17–37% of Fe [ 61 ]. UK studies showed that two slices of bread cover 14% of the daily requirement of Zn for women and 11% for men [ 58 ].…”

Mineral Composition of Soil and the Wheat Grain in Intensive and Conservation Cropping Systems

“…Wheat grain is a prominent source of various mineral elements (Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, and Mn) that are important for both plants and humans, which could be essential, but also toxic in higher concentrations. Wheat grain also contains several toxic elements, such as As, Pb, Hg, and Cd [8]. Therefore, the focus on winter wheat production, besides availability, is shifted to the chemical composition and methods to improve it.…”